This paper describes the design of Monty, a language intended to be equally suitable for both scripting and conventional programming. Monty features an unusually flexible type system in which all values are viewed as ...
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This paper describes the design of Monty, a language intended to be equally suitable for both scripting and conventional programming. Monty features an unusually flexible type system in which all values are viewed as objects in a single-inheritance class hierarchy, static and dynamic typing are smoothly integrated, and both nonvariant and covariant generic classes are supported. An interesting by product of the design of Monty has been the light it has shed on the power of mutability as a linguistic concept. Among other things, it turns out that the type-soundness of a covariant generic class is closely related to the class's mutability.
The existence of a great diversity of commercial CAD/CAM products, having equivalent usage features, generates difficulties for the companies in order to choose the most suitable product for theirs specific needs. On ...
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The existence of a great diversity of commercial CAD/CAM products, having equivalent usage features, generates difficulties for the companies in order to choose the most suitable product for theirs specific needs. On the other side, the 'well-known companies ' software product proposals require substantial investments for acquisition and nominated users training. Therefore, in the case of the small and medium enterprises, it is recommended the development of customized solutions for automatic generated NC programs, using shareware graphical libraries like 'Open ' type (OpenGL, OpenCascade) and a proper programming language for graphical applications. On the ground of this major objective, this study is proposing an informatic system for automatic generating NC programs. These programs are meant to complex surfaces milling, using customized algorithms for tool path generation and simulation.
Level - Beginner, but attendees should have some experience with a high-level programming *** tutorial is designed for those who have some familiarity with a programming language, but who are new to Ada. In the mornin...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781605582740
Level - Beginner, but attendees should have some experience with a high-level programming *** tutorial is designed for those who have some familiarity with a programming language, but who are new to Ada. In the morning, we will discuss the basics of programming in Ada, including types, packages, syntax rules, and other Ada programming constructs. In the afternoon, we will cover Ada's object-oriented programming and concurrent-programming features. Many examples will be shown; freely downloadable Ada programming environments and tools will be demonstrated.
"This work strikes a balance between the pure functional aspects of F# and the object-oriented and imperative features that make it so useful in practice, enable .NET integration, and make large-scale data proces...
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ISBN:
(数字)9780470385951
ISBN:
(纸本)9780470242117
"This work strikes a balance between the pure functional aspects of F# and the object-oriented and imperative features that make it so useful in practice, enable .NET integration, and make large-scale data processing possible."—Thore Graepel, PhD, Researcher, Microsoft Research Ltd. Over the next five years, F# is expected to become one of the world's most popular functional programming languages for scientists of all disciplines working on the Windows platform. F# is free and, unlike MATLAB® and other software with numerical/scientific origins, is a full-fledged programming language. Developed in consultation with Don Syme of Microsoft Research Ltd.—who wrote the language— F# for Scientists explains and demonstrates the powerful features of this important new programming language. The book assumes no prior experience and guides the reader from the basics of computer programming to the implementation of state-of-the-art algorithms. F# for Scientists begins with coverage of introductory material in the areas of functional programming, .NET, and scientific computing, and goes on to explore: Program structure Optimization Data structures Libraries Numerical analysis Databases Input and output Interoperability Visualization Screenshots of development using Visual Studio are used to illustrate compilation, debugging, and interactive use, while complete examples of a few whole programs are included to give readers a complete view of F#'s capabilities. Written in a clear and concise style, F# for Scientists is well suited for researchers, scientists, and developers who want to program under the Windows platform. It also serves as an ideal supplemental text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a background in science or engineering.
Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful technique for measuring global gene expression through sampling of transcript tags. SAGE tag collections or libraries serve as a rich data source for differentia...
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Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful technique for measuring global gene expression through sampling of transcript tags. SAGE tag collections or libraries serve as a rich data source for differential gene expression analysis, transcriptome mapping, and gene discovery. Transcriptome mapping and gene discovery are facilitated by extensions of SAGE, e.g., Long SAGE, where the transcript tags are elongated by utilization of a different tagging enzyme. SAGE, as a sequencing-based technique, is prone to errors resulting in artifact SAGE tag sequences and erroneous tag numbers. A methodology to pinpoint and correct tag artifacts is necessary to fully exploit the value of large SAGE libraries. SAGEScreen is a tag sequence correction algorithm. The algorithm is a multistep procedure that addresses error rates and performs ditag and tag processing. The error rate estimates are based on a stochastic model of PCR and sequencing related mutations. The ditag processing step is essential for calculation of unbiased tag numbers, and the tag processing step allows for filtration of tag sequence artifacts and adjustment of tag numbers. less
The secondary structure of most functional RNA molecules is strongly conserved in evolution. Prediction of these conserved structures is therefore of particular interest when studying noncoding RNAs. Moreover, structu...
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The secondary structure of most functional RNA molecules is strongly conserved in evolution. Prediction of these conserved structures is therefore of particular interest when studying noncoding RNAs. Moreover, structure predictions on the basis of several sequences produce much more accurate results than energy directed folding of single sequences. The RNAalifold program predicts the consensus structure for a set of aligned sequences taking into account both thermodynamic stability and sequence covariation. In this contribution, we provide a tutorial on how to install and use RNAalifold, as well as a guide on how to interpret the results. less
The function of many noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) depend on a defined secondary structure. RNAz detects evolutionarily conserved and thermodynamically stable RNA secondary structures in multiple sequence alignments and, th...
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The function of many noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) depend on a defined secondary structure. RNAz detects evolutionarily conserved and thermodynamically stable RNA secondary structures in multiple sequence alignments and, thus, efficiently filters for candidate ncRNAs. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step guide on how to use RNAz. Starting with basic concepts, we also cover advanced analysis techniques and, as an example for a large scale application, demonstrate a complete screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. less
Comparison of related genomes is an enormously powerful technique for explaining phenotypic differences and revealing recent evolutionary events. Genomes evolve through a host of mechanisms including long- and short-r...
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Comparison of related genomes is an enormously powerful technique for explaining phenotypic differences and revealing recent evolutionary events. Genomes evolve through a host of mechanisms including long- and short-range intragenomic rearrangements, insertion of laterally acquired DNA, gene loss, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The Artemis Comparison Tool (ACT) was developed to enable the intuitive visualization of the consequences of such events in the context of two or more aligned genomes. WebACT is an online resource designed to allow the alignment of up to five genomic sequences within the ACT environment without the need for local software installation. Comparisons can be carried out between uploaded sequences, or those selected from the EMBL or RefSeq databases, using BLASTZ, MUMmer, or Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Precomputed comparisons can be selected from a database covering all the completed bacterial chromosome and plasmid sequences in the Genome Reviews database (1). This allows the rapid visualization of regions of interest, without the need to handle the full genome sequences. Here, we describe the process of using WebACT to prepare comparisons for visualization, and the selection of precomputed comparisons from the database. The use of ACT to view the selected comparison is then explored using examples from bacterial genomes. less
Polyadenylation of nascent transcripts is an essential step for most mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. It is directly involved in the termination of transcription and is coupled with other steps of pre-mRNA processing. Recen...
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Polyadenylation of nascent transcripts is an essential step for most mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. It is directly involved in the termination of transcription and is coupled with other steps of pre-mRNA processing. Recent studies have shown that transcript variants resulting from alternative polyadenylation are widespread for human and mouse genes, contributing to the complexity of mRNA pool in the cell. In addition to 3′-most exons, alternative polyadenylation sites (or poly(A) sites) can be located in internal exons and introns. Identification of poly(A) sites in genomes is critical for understanding the occurrence and significance of alternative polyadenylation events. Bioinformatic methods using cDNA sequences, Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), and Trace offer a sensitive and systematic approach to detect poly(A) sites in genomes. Various criteria can be employed to enhance the specificity of the detection, including identifying sequences derived from internal priming of mRNA and polyadenylated RNAs during degradation. less
As transposomics is extended to genome scale, appropriate statistical methods need to be developed to assign significance to gene essentiality. In this chapter, the author presents a set of steps that, together with g...
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As transposomics is extended to genome scale, appropriate statistical methods need to be developed to assign significance to gene essentiality. In this chapter, the author presents a set of steps that, together with genome-scale insertion data and the complete genome sequence of a prokaryote, can be used to classify the genes of the organism as either “essential” or “nonessential.” less
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