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作者： Pirkelbauer, Peter Mathias Texas A&M University

Programmers rely on programming idioms, design patterns, and workaround techniques to express fundamental design not directly supported by the language. Evolving languages often address frequently encountered problems by adding language and library support to subsequent releases. By using new features, programmers can express their intent more directly. As new concerns, such as parallelism or security, arise, early idioms and language facilities can become serious liabilities. Modern code sometimes bene fits from optimization techniques not feasible for code that uses less expressive constructs. Manual source code migration is expensive, time-consuming, and prone to errors. This dissertation discusses the introduction of new language features and libraries, exemplifi ed by open-methods and a non-blocking growable array library. We describe the relationship of open-methods to various alternative implementation techniques. The benefi ts of open-methods materialize in simpler code, better performance, and similar memory footprint when compared to using alternative implementation techniques. Based on these findings, we develop the notion of source code rejuvenation, the automated migration of legacy code. Source code rejuvenation leverages enhanced program language and library facilities by finding and replacing coding patterns that can be expressed through higher-level software abstractions. Raising the level of abstraction improves code quality by lowering software entropy. In conjunction with extensions to programming languages, source code rejuvenation o ers an evolutionary trajectory towards more reliable, more secure, and better performing code. We describe the tools that allow us efficient implementations of code rejuvenations. The Pivot source-to-source translation infrastructure and its traversal mechanism forms the core of our machinery. In order to free programmers from representation details, we use a light-weight pattern matching generator that turns a C

关键词： programming language evolution source code rejuvenation static analysis Book Thesis

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Source-code queries with graph databases-with application to programming language usage and evolution

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SCIENCE OF COMPUTER programming 2015年第Part1期97卷 127-134页

作者： Urma, Raoul-Gabriel Mycroft, Alan Univ Cambridge Comp Lab Cambridge CB2 1TN England

Program querying and analysis tools are of growing importance, and occur in two main variants. Firstly there are source-code query languages which help software engineers to explore a system, or to find code in need of refactoring as coding standards evolve. These also enable language designers to understand the practical uses of language features and idioms over a software corpus. Secondly there are program analysis tools in the style of Coverity which perform deeper program analysis searching for bugs as well as checking adherence to coding standards such as MISRA. The former class are typically implemented on top of relational or deductive databases and make ad-hoc trade-offs between scalability and the amount of source-code detail held-with consequent limitations on the expressiveness of queries. The latter class are more commercially driven and involve more ad-hoc queries over program representations, nonetheless similar pressures encourage user-visible domain-specific languages to specify analyses. We argue that a graph data model and associated query language provides a unifying conceptual model and gives efficient scalable implementation even when storing full source-code detail. It also supports overlays allowing a query DSL to pose queries at a mixture of syntax-tree, type, control-flow-graph or data-flow levels. We describe a prototype source-code query system built on top of Neo4j using its Cypher graph query language;experiments show it scales to multi-million-line programs while also storing full source-code detail. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： programming language evolution Source-code queries and DSLs Graph databases

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An empirical analysis of the transition from Python 2 to Python 3

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2019年第2期24卷 751-778页

作者： Malloy, Brian A. Power, James F. Clemson Univ Dept Comp Sci Clemson SC USA Maynooth Univ Comp Sci Dept Maynooth Kildare Ireland

Python is one of the most popular and widely adopted programming languages in use today. In 2008 the Python developers introduced a new version of the language, Python 3.0, that was not backward compatible with Python 2, initiating a transitional phase for Python software developers. In this paper, we describe a study that investigates the degree to which Python software developers are making the transition from Python 2 to Python 3. We have developed a Python compliance analyser, PyComply, and have analysed a previously studied corpus of Python applications called Qualitas. We use PyComply to measure and quantify the degree to which Python 3 features are being used, as well as the rate and context of their adoption in the Qualitas corpus. Our results indicate that Python software developers are not exploiting the new features and advantages of Python 3, but rather are choosing to retain backward compatibility with Python 2. Moreover, Python developers are confining themselves to a language subset, governed by the diminishing intersection of Python 2, which is not under development, and Python 3, which is under development with new features being introduced as the language continues to evolve.

关键词： Python programming programming language evolution Compliance

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Grammar engineering for multiple front-ends for Python

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2019年第3期49卷 380-400页

作者： Malloy, Brian A. Power, James F. Clemson Univ Comp Sci Div Sch Comp Clemson SC USA Maynooth Univ Dept Comp Sci Maynooth Kildare Ireland

In this paper, we describe our experience in grammar engineering to construct multiple parsers and front ends for the Python language. We present a metrics-based study of the evolution of the Python grammars through the multiple versions of the language in an effort to distinguish and measure grammar evolution and to provide a basis of comparison with related research in grammar engineering. To conduct this research, we have built a toolkit, which builds on tools developed in other research. We use to build a system that automates much of the process needed to translate the Python grammars from EBNF to a formalism acceptable to the parser generator. We exploit the suite of Python test cases, used by the Python developers, to validate our parser generation. Finally, we describe our use of the parser generator to facilitate the parser and front-end construction, eliminating some of the transformations and providing practical support for grammar modularisation.

关键词： front end grammarware grammar engineering parser programming language evolution Python software engineering

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Pattern Analysis of TXL Programs 10

Pattern Analysis of TXL Programs

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23rd IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, evolution, and Reengineering (SANER)

作者： Rahman, Ashiqur Cordy, James R. Queens Univ Sch Comp Kingston ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781509018550

Modern programming languages evolve, and need to be updated regularly by adding new features that fill new or unexpected programming needs. Existing approaches to determine new language features are completely manual and are based on language developers' experience, source code analysis, feature requests, on-line discussions and programmer interviews. Although these are acceptable practises, they are subjective, time-consuming, and don't always identify real needs. No research, to our knowledge, has attempted to make the task of language feature identification easier. In this paper, we propose a systematic approach for identifying the need for new language features with the help of pattern and clone detection tools that work on source code. Our approach semi-automates the task of language feature identification, works quickly, reduces the effort involved, and avoids subjectivity by supporting new feature proposals with evidence. We demonstrate our idea by analyzing a large set of projects written in the TXL language. After detecting and analyzing code patterns, we propose eleven new features that can help improve the TXL language to support ways that it is really used.

关键词： clone patterns code clones programming language evolution

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Mining Discussions on Software Migration: A study of the Boost mailing list regarding C plus plus code evolution 24

Mining Discussions on Software Migration: A study of the Boo...

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23rd Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality

作者： de Carvalho, Pedro V. R. Bonifacio, Rodrigo Lucas, Walter Barbosa Mota, Alana Paula Univ Brasilia Brasilia DF Brazil Univ Brasilia Dept Comp Sci Brasilia DF Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9798400717772

programming languages are evolving faster than ever before. New versions of mainstream programming languages (e.g., C++, Java, and JavaScript) are being released with increasing frequency, posing an elevated challenge for software developers as their systems are more easily affected by obsolescence. Software migration is far from trivial. Although there is literature on software migration methods and how developers deal with the software aging and obsolescence, little research exists on how developers perceive and are affected by rapid programming language evolution. To understand how C++ developers discuss these issues and the nature of their discussions, we mined the mailing lists of the Boost organization-one of the most important C++ open-source communities. We found that software migration is a significant concern for this community, with a lasting presence in their message boards. Furthermore, most discussions related to the challenges of the migration process, with many conflicting opinions on related matters, suggesting these issues are not easily solvable.

关键词： Data Mining Machine Learning Natural language Processing Software Migration Modernization programming language evolution Boost C plus

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