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Interface compilation: Steps toward compiling program interfaces as languages

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1999年第3期25卷 387-400页

作者： Engler, DR Stanford Univ Comp Syst Lab Stanford CA 94305 USA

Interfaces-the collection of procedures and data structures that define a library, a subsystem, a module-are syntactically poor programming languages. They have state (defined both by the interface's data structures and internally), operations on this state (defined by the interface's procedures), and semantics associated with these operations. Given a way to incorporate interface semantics into compilation, interfaces can be compiled in the same manner as traditional languages such as ANSI C or FORTRAN. This paper makes two contributions. First, ii proposes and explores the metaphor of interface compilation, and provides the beginnings of a programming methodology for exploiting it. Second, ii presents MAGIK, a system built to support interface compilation. Using MAGIK, software developers call build optimizers and checkers for their interface languages, and have these extensions incorporated into compilation, with a corresponding gain in efficiency and safety. This organization contrasts with traditional compilation, which relegates programmers to the role of passive consumers, rather than active exploiters of a complier's transformational abilities.

关键词： interface compilation programming methodology high-level languages compiler optimization interface checking interface optimization

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HIGHER-ORDER DATA-TYPES

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER & INFORMATION SCIENCES 1980年第1期9卷 31-53页

作者： MAIBAUM, TSE LUCENA, CJ PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA RIO DE JANEIRO DEPT INFORMATRIO DE JANEIRO 2000RJBRAZIL

We consider a generalization of the concept of abstract data type suitable for modeling situations in which there is more than one level of functionality. An instance of such a situation is the difference in level of functionality between the query and update functions in a data base. We introduce the concept of a higher order data type to model this idea. The underlying algebraic ideas are outlined, and sample applications of the concept are presented.

关键词： Abstract data types database systems algebraic models programming methodology higher types

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PROGRAMS AS PROOFS - A SYNOPSIS

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INFORMATION PROCESSING LETTERS 1983年第3期16卷 105-112页

作者： CONSTABLE, RL Department of Computer Science Cornell University IthacaNY 14853 USA

Logicians have known since Kleene's work in the 1940s that various kinds of constructive proofs could be compiled into executable code. The results of this variety are known for many constructive formal systems. An example can illustrate the basic ideas behind them. A very simple benchmark common in the literature, the Euclidean division algorithm, is selected. Programs are like constructive proofs of their specifications; this analogy is an exact equivalence for certain classes of programs. The relationship between formal logic and programs is a foundation for programming methodology superior to that usually adopted. Furthermore, this equivalence suggests programming languages which are much richer than all others currently in use. These claims are established through the introduction of parts of the PL/CV programming logics as a source of precision and examples.

关键词： Algorithmic logic automated logic axiomatic semantics constructive mathematics program correctness PL/CV programming logic programming methodology realizability type theory while rule

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SUPPORTING STRUCTURED DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX PL-I SOFTWARE SYSTEMS

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SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 1977年第2期7卷 279-293页

作者： WHITE, JR ANDERSON, RK UNIV CONNECTICUT DEPT ELECT ENGN & COMP SCISTORRSCT 06268

AbstractThe methodology of top‐down (structured) programming has emerged in the last few years as a practical approach to the problem of developing reliable software systems. The methodology, however, places certain demands on the language used for actual system implementation. In this paper we discuss the implications of these demands on a specific language, PL/I. From this discussion the basic objectives of a PL/I support system are deduced. These objectives deal primarily with: (1) specifying intermodule relationships; (2) propagating module modifications; and (3) maintaining consistency in the realization of abstractions. Finally, the essential elements of a system that realizes these objectives are describe

关键词： programming methodology Software reliability Modularization Structured programming Top‐down programming

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AN EXPERIMENT IN SMALL-SCALE APPLICATION SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1981年第5期7卷 482-493页

作者： BOEHM, BW Systems Engineering and Integration Division TRW

First-year graduate students in software engineering at the University of Southern California (Los Angeles) were told to deliver a small interactive version of the COCOMO model for estimating software costs. Two teams specified and developed independent versions of this product, one team using Fortran, the other using Pascal. At the conclusion of the project, it was determined that: 1. Large-scale software engineering procedures, such as unit development folders and walkthroughs, can be cost-effectively tailored to small projects. 2. The choice of programming language is not the dominant factor in small software product development. 3. programming is not the dominant activity in small software product development. 4. Intermediate ''deadlines'' can help to assure on-time completion of small software projects. 5. Most of the code in a small applications software product is devoted to ''housekeeping.''

关键词： Software Project Data programming Languages programming methodology Software Engineering Software Management

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CONSTRUCTIVE METHODS IN PROGRAM VERIFICATION

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1977年第3期3卷 193-210页

作者： WEGBREIT, B XEROX CORP PALO ALTO RES CTRPALO ALTOCA 94304

Most current approaches to mechanical program verification transform a program and its specifications into first-order formulas and try to prove these formulas valid. Since the first-order predicate calculus is not decidable, such approaches are inherently limited. This paper proposes an alternative approach to program verification: correctness proofs are constructively established by proof justifications written in an algorithmic notation. These proof justifications are written as part of the program, along with the executable code and correctness specifications. A notation is presented in which code, specifications, and justifications are interwoven. For example, if a program contains a specification 3x P(x), the program also contains a justification that exhibits the particulat value of x that makes P true. Analogously, justifications may be used to state how universally quantified formulas are to be instantiated when they are used as hypotheses. Programs so justifiled may be verified by proving quantifier-free formulas. Additional classes of justifications serve related ends. Formally, justifications reduce correctness to a decidable theory. Informally, justifications establish the connection between the executable code and correctness specifications, documenting the reasoning on which the correctness is based.

关键词： Constructive Program Verification First Order Logic Instantiations Program Verification programming Language Design programming Languages programming methodology Proof Justifications Proving Programs Correct

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DISPLAY CONDENSATION OF PROGRAM TEXT

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1982年第5期8卷 526-529页

作者： ARCHER, J CONWAY, R CORNELL UNIV DEPT COMP SCIITHACANY 14853 STANFORD UNIV STANFORDCA 94305

In interactive systems that must display the text of programs, the size of the program is ordinarily much larger than the capacity of the screen. Although the obvious tactic is simply to select k contiguous lines for display in a k-line window, in some cases, it is helpful to be able to represent m lines in a k-line window, where m is greater than k, by condensing portions of the text. Alternative tactics for controlling such condensation are considered. The 3 systems considered - PDE1L, the Cornell Program Synthesizer, and COPE - illustrate a useful idea, as well as 2 substantially different approaches to its implementation. PDE1L and COPE are demonstrable, but user experience is limited. The Synthesizer, however, has been used for more than 2 years at numerous universities. Only extensive user experience can resolve the choice between automatic and user-controlled condensation, and it will probably be concluded that under different circumstances each of these alternatives is advantageous. The issues in general will be simply how much effort is required for user control and how well automatic condensation can deduce the user's needs and intent. Of course, the possibility of compromise also exists.

关键词： programming methodology Editing Interactive programming Prettyprinting programming Environments

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A TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING LOOP INVARIANTS

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INFORMATION PROCESSING LETTERS 1984年第3期18卷 137-139页

作者： REMMERS, JH Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti MI 48197 U.S.A.

In order to develop a loop from a given precondition and postcondition following the method developed in Dijkstra (1976) and described in Gries (1981), one attempts to obtain a loop invariant by weakening the postcondition in some way. To do so, one standard technique is to replace a constant or expression that occurs in the postcondition by a fresh variable. A situation in which it is useful to introduce fresh variables to replace some of the occurrences of existing variables is discussed. Both a new algorithm for linear search and an algorithm for binary search to illustrate the technique are developed.

关键词： Invariant relation loop invariant programming methodology

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INITIALIZING ALGORITHMS - NOTE TO THE ARTICLE COMPUTER METHODS FOR SAMPLING FROM GAMMA-DISTRIBUTION, BETA-DISTRIBUTION, POISSON-DISTRIBUTION AND BINOMIAL-DISTRIBUTION

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COMPUTING 1979年第2期22卷 185-189页

作者： APOSTOLOPOULOS, N SCHUFF, G Institut für Quantitative Ökonomik und Statistik Fachrichtung Angewandte Statistik Freie Universität Berlin Corrensplatz 2 D-1000 Berlin 33

A general initialization principle is presented that increases the efficiency of algorithms in terms of computation time. It is applied to the algorithm NS in [1] and results in significant performance improvements. I... 详细信息

关键词： Random numbers pseudorandom binomial distributions simulation algorithm interfaces programming methodology

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DATALOGY - THE COPENHAGEN TRADITION OF COMPUTER-SCIENCE

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BIT 1988年第3期28卷 450-472页

作者： SVEINSDOTTIR, E FROKJAER, E UNIV COPENHAGEN INST DATALOGDK-2100 COPENHAGEN ODENMARK ROSKILDE UNIV CTR DATALOG AFDELINGDK-4000 ROSKILDEDENMARK

Since the middle of the 1960s, computer science has been practised in Denmark under Peter Naur's termdatalogy, the science of data processes. Starting at Regenecentralen and the University of Copenhagen, the Copenhagen Tradition of Computer Science has developed its own special characteristics by means of a close connection with applications and other fields of knowledge. The tradition is not least visible in the area of education. Comprehensive project activity is an integral part of the curriculum, thus presenting theory as an aspect of realistic solutions known primarily through actual experience. Peter Naur early recognized the particular educational challenges presented by computer science. His innovations have shown their quality and vitality also at other universities. There is a close connection between computer science training as it has been formed at Copenhagen University, and the view of computer science which has characterized Peter Naur's research. We illustrate how the study of programming and system development conceived as a human activity has been an all-pervasive theme in Naur's work. This approach has set the scene for central research issues in software development which today seem more topical than ever.

关键词： K.3 A0 D0 computer science education and training computer science datalogy programming methodology software engineering Peter Naur history

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