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Blended, Not Bossy: Ethics Roles, Responsibilities and Expertise in Design

INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS 2017年第1期29卷 71-79页

作者： Shilton, Katie Anderson, Sara Univ Maryland Coll Informat Studies 4121H Hornbake BldgSouth Wing College Pk MD 20471 USA

What are the best ways for design teams attend to issues of power, inequity, trust and other ethical concerns as they arise in design? Literature on value-sensitive design (VSD) and technology ethics has advocated for a range of design methods that propose different roles and responsibility for ethics during technology development. This paper explores four provocations that imagine different roles and responsibilities for moral and ethical reasoning on design teams: participatory design (in which diverse stakeholders may represent their own values in the design process), values advocates (introducing experts to lead values discussions or conduct ethics interventions), embedding values discussions within design and encouraging 'moral exemplars' within design. Each of these posits different logistical arrangements as well as different levels of expertise in ethical practice. The paper uses examples from the VSD and computer ethics literatures as well as the authors' ethnographic work to explore the advantages, challenges and consequences of each approach.

关键词： participatory design HCI theory concepts and models ethnographic studies programming teams technology ethics

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The system dynamics of Brooks' Law in team production

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SIMULATION-TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR MODELING AND SIMULATION INTERNATIONAL 2011年第11期87卷 947-975页

作者： Chernoguz, David G. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem Hadassah Med Ctr Dept Neurol IL-91120 Jerusalem Israel

When a project is behind schedule, managers usually respond by bringing in additional workforce. Brooks' Law points out the systemic limits to staffing intervention, which are related to dynamic relationships between team buildup and loss of production due to communication and training overheads. ProjScout (TM), a theoretical model of Brooks' Law, responds logically when input parameters are assigned extreme values and coherently sensitive to stepwise changes of input. Simulation experiments revealed relative inherent limits of staffing intervention, related to dynamic relationships between initial team size, training new team members, their learning curve, and productive time lost due to intercommunication. As a rule of thumb, Brooks' Law applies only when project resources are limited. The actual effect of investment in training, as well as concluding whether Brooks' Law applies in a particular case, can be modeled only when actual values of the productivity, communication entropy, and actual learning curve are known. ProjScout (TM) can facilitate project decision-making in a wide range of production and service industries - wherever experienced performers have to divide their work time between production and other activities.

关键词： bazaar and cathedral development Brooks' Law communication overhead programming teams schedule estimation simulation software development system dynamics training

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A CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT QUANTITATIVELY COMPARING SOFTWARE-DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1981年第3期7卷 299-320页

作者： BASILI, VR REITER, RW Department of Computer Science University of Maryland

Investigators began with 2 basic assumptions about the software development process. A programming team is naturally burdened (relative to an individual programmer) by the organizational overhead and risk of error-inducing misunderstanding inherent in the coordination and interfacing of the thoughts and actions of those on the team. The disciplined methodology known as structured programming induces in a programming team a sort of mental cohesiveness, thus enabling the team to behave more like an individual programmer and thus compensating through its complexity-controlling effects for the organizational overhead. Experiments were conducted to compare the performance of single programmers using an ad hoc approach, 3-person teams using an ad hoc approach, and 3-person teams using structured programming disciplines. The task was the writing of a compiler for a high-level language from given specifications. Outcomes were analyzed from various points of view and generally supported the assumptions of the investigators. Appendices.

关键词： Structured programming Practices Controlled Experimentation Empirical Study programming Measurement programming Methodology programming teams Software Development Software Metrics

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Frequently begged questions and how to answer them

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IEEE SOFTWARE 1998年第2期15卷 93-96页

作者： Zvegintzov, N Software Management Network Staten Isl NY 10301 USA

Typical empirical questions about software and the softwarebusiness include “How productive are programming teams?”,“What are the industry norms?”, “What are the bestp... 详细信息

Typical empirical questions about software and the softwarebusiness include “How productive are programming teams?”,“What are the industry norms?”, “What are the bestpractices?”, and “How should I measure the productivity of aprogramming team?” These, and others like them, are frequentlyasked questions. I always answer these questions with a question.“What are you trying to decide?” People almost always askempirical questions because they need to make decisions. These decisionsare important, involving risk to human life and health, affectingeconomic and societal well-being, and determining the equitable andproductive use of scarce resources. The questioners seem to feel-becausethe questions are so frequently asked and the answers so oftenprovided-that the answers must be widely known, but in looking at theanswers, I observe the same pattern repeatedly. Answers that seemedwell-known and widely supported turn out to be only widely *** are based on one or two sources, which often prove thin andunreliable. They are “transparency facts”, copied frompresentation to presentation. When confronted with such questions, thequestioners have no time to research the answers, so they grab whateveranswers are at hand. Thus, many frequently asked questions aboutsoftware are more truly frequently begged questions

关键词： computer software software development management begged questions best practice decisions empirical questions frequently asked questions industry norms productivity programming teams risk scarce resources socioeconomics software business transparency fa computer software Software development management computer programs FAQs (frequently asked questions) Best Practices Answer Socioeconomic Factors productivity

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Collaboration in Formative Design: Working Together at a Whiteboard

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IEEE SOFTWARE 2012年第1期29卷 56-60页

作者： Rooksby, John Ikeya, Nozomi Univ St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9AJ Fife Scotland Keio Univ Tokyo 108 Japan

To successfully collaborate in a creative design session, software developers must achieve and maintain a shared focus, encourage and challenge each other, and manage their working relations, even in stressful situations. This article describes six key ways professional software developers do this using examples from a video study of professional developers designing at a whiteboard.

关键词： management programming teams qualitative process analysis software engineering process Software engineering Professional Design Innovation cooperating Whiteboards

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Responses to "How Pair programming Really Works"

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IEEE SOFTWARE 2010年第2期27卷 8-8页

作者： Raybould, Andy

Stuart Wray's article in Jan/Feb 2010 issue of IEEE Software presents four mechanisms that can improve pair programming performance. Readers commented on the article on the associated Web site at http://***/wray, contributing their own experiences and confirming or contradicting explanations. This Letters department summarizes readers' comments.

关键词： Pair programming Software Psychology Software Process programming teams Agile Development

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Towards increasing the compatibility of student pair programmers 05

Towards increasing the compatibility of student pair program...

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27th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2005)

作者： Katira, N Williams, L Osborne, J N Carolina State Univ Dept Comp Sci Raleigh NC 27695 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781581139631

As pair programming is used widely in software engineering education, instructors may wish to proactively form pairs to increase the likelihood of compatible pairs. A study involving 361 software engineering students was carried out at North Carolina State University to understand and predict pair compatibility. We have found that students are compatible with partners whom they perceive of similar skill, although instructors cannot proactively manage this perception. Pairing of two minority students is more likely and mixed gender pairs are less likely to be compatible. Additionally, pairing of students with similar actual skill level as measured by midterm grades in class, GPA, and SAT/GRE scores also likely results in compatible pairs. Our research addresses the following challenges faced by instructors in software engineering: 1) organizational concern in pairing of students;2) increasing the retention rates of female and minority students in classes;and 3) proactively forming mutually-compatible pairs.

关键词： pair programming compatibility programming teams

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Insights from empirical studies of the software design process

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Future Generation Computer Systems 1992年第2-3期7卷 139-149页

作者： Curtis, Bill Software Engineering Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 United States

Empirical research on software development has shown that the design phase exercises extreme leverage over project outcomes. This paper reviews research performed on the design process and proposes several research questions whose answers are crucial to improving productivity and quality. One implication of these results is that project outcomes are largely determined before a project begins. © 1992.

关键词： design process distributed cognition empirical studies of programmers programming teams Software design software organizations software process software psychology

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Crowdsourcing in Software Engineering: Models, Motivations, and Challenges 41

Crowdsourcing in Software Engineering: Models, Motivations, ...

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IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering - Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP)

作者： LaToza, Thomas D. George Mason Univ Dept Comp Sci Fairfax VA 22030 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728117607

Over the past several years, crowdsourcing has entered software engineering practice. While most work is still done through traditional development, contract development, and outsourcing, software projects today increasingly use crowdsourcing for a variety of purposes, including fixing defects, testing their software, or gathering alternative designs for a new user interface. Through mechanisms such as competition sites, expertise sharing sites, bug bounties, and online labor markets, crowdsourcing has begun to reshape the ways in which developers contribute to software projects. This talk explores the models of crowdsourcing that have been applied to software development to date and outlines some of the opportunities that exist for the future.

关键词： crowdsourcing programming teams software management open source software development

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Mob programming and Simultaneous Style Pair programming in the Development of a Battle Royale Game: An Action Research 10th

Mob Programming and Simultaneous Style Pair Programming in t...

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10th Brazilian Workshop on Agile Methods (WBMA)

作者： Kattan, Herez Moise Univ Sao Paulo IME USP Inst Math & Stat Dept Comp Sci Sao Paulo SP Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783030367008;9783030367015

This paper is an Action Research about adopting Mob programming and Simultaneous Style Pair programming to develop a battle royale game called Pirate Ship Battles. Mob programming helps the developers to learn an open-source framework for games called Phaser and another one called Jest to automatization of the tests. The following are two examples of insights that occurred respectively in the first and third cycles of action research. The team collaboratively agreed to start by learning in a Mob programming doing the infra-structure to the tests and also to deepen the knowledge about Phaser should help in the next parts of the project. Another example of insight occurred in the third cycle of this action research is about testing activity, fixing the bugs, was observed funnier comparing with testing alone. The team reported it was funnier testing altogether, when a mistake happens to run new code, everybody paying attention to the projector on the fault, a ready joke. Perhaps, because they are friends and the project is a game. Another possible explanation about our experience of funnier testing activity in a Mob programming compared to testing alone is that we humans are social beings. Concluding, the source code of the game is of excellent quality as evaluated by CodeClimate by classifying it with grade A, the developers enjoyed, and both approaches increased the learnings.

关键词： Collaboration in software development Agile practice programming teams programming technique Mob programming Pair programming Simultaneous Style Pair programming Collaborative problem solving Social-technical system Action research

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