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Energy-Aware protocol design and Evaluation of the PHY Layer in Satellite IoT

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING 2025年第2期43卷 61-76页

作者： Heine, Simon Hofmann, Christian A. Knopp, Andreas Univ Bundeswehr Munich Inst Informat Technol Bavaria Germany

Direct-to-satellite communication for the Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted significant interest from both the scientific community and major telecommunications players. The integration of satellite connectivity in smartphones and IoT devices promises a transformative impact on critical applications such as environmental monitoring, asset tracking, agriculture, and nature conservation. These applications require reliable and energy-efficient technologies for transmitting sensor data from regions without terrestrial networks, necessitating robust design of waveforms and protocols. This work investigates the most suitable IoT protocols for direct-to-satellite communication, emphasizing overhead, spectral, and energy efficiency. By introducing a framework and evaluation metrics that incorporate physical layer overhead into the evaluation, a comprehensive analysis of the effective energy efficiency in satellite IoT systems is conducted. Our findings highlight substantial differences among the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols. Consequently, we propose a new classification for the most energy-efficient protocols, termed Massive Multiple Access very Low Power Wide Area Networks (MMA-vLPWANs). This classification aims to streamline the selection process for energy-conscious satellite IoT waveforms for deployments in remote areas. The results not only advance the understanding of protocol efficiency in satellite IoT communications but also offer a guideline for optimizing power usage in IoT devices, extending their operational life and enhancing their utility in inaccessible regions.

关键词： direct-to-satellite energy efficiency low power wide area networks non-terrestrial networks physical layer protocol design satellite iot spectral efficiency

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protocol design FOR LARGE GROUP MULTICASTING - THE MESSAGE DISTRIBUTION protocol

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COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 1991年第5期14卷 287-297页

作者： JONES, MGW SORENSEN, SA WILBUR, SR Department of Computer Science University College London Gower Street London WC1H 6BT UK

Typical multicast protocols are designed to operate with group sizes of up to 50 members. Many of the techniques used do not scale to larger groups very well due to the implosion problem. This paper describes a protocol which has been designed to be scalable to a large degree. The protocol uses negative acknowledgements to increase its reliability, with a saturation method being used when the message is small. This ensures that a message has a high probability of being detected, regardless of the message size. The use of negative acknowledgements is intended to reduce the implosion effect to a minimum. A logical token-based ring system is used at the transport level to prevent all of the recipients of a multicast replying at the same time, preventing the client being overrun. Also, this token is used as a failure detector, causing the ring structure to reconfigure around the failure.

关键词： MULTICAST SCALE protocol design MESSAGE DISTRIBUTED protocol

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protocol design Variables Highly Correlated with, and Predictive of, Clinical Trial Performance

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THERAPEUTIC INNOVATION & REGULATORY SCIENCE 2022年第2期56卷 333-345页

作者： Smith, Zachary Bilke, Ralf Pretorius, Sybrand Getz, Kenneth Tufts Univ Tufts CSDD Boston MA 02111 USA Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG Ingelheim Germany Parexel Newton MA USA

Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development (Tufts CSDD) collected data on trial design elements and clinical trial performance outcomes from 187 protocols provided by 20 companies. 10 design variables were tested for correlations with 11 performance variables, and regression models of each performance variable were tested. Results: Many significant correlations were found (p < .01, p < .05). The number of countries and the number of sites were each positively correlated with amendment frequency, longer screening and study duration as well as study participant dropout rates. The number of internal reviews prior to protocol finalization was also positively correlated with these same performance outcomes. In regression modeling, scientific and operational design characteristics were significant predictors of cycle time, enrollment and retention outcomes, and amendment frequency, even when controlling for phase and therapeutic area. These predictors included the number of endpoints, eligibility criteria, procedures per visit, number of countries, and investigative sites. The results of this analysis suggest practical considerations for optimizing protocol performance.

关键词： protocol design protocol complexity Clinical trial speed Dropout rates protocol amendments Risk management Quality management

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protocol design and Performance Benchmarks by Phase and by Oncology and Rare Disease Subgroups

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THERAPEUTIC INNOVATION & REGULATORY SCIENCE 2023年第1期57卷 49-56页

作者： Getz, Kenneth Smith, Zachary Kravet, Marcy Tufts Univ Tufts Ctr Study Drug Dev Sch Med 145 Harrison Ave Boston MA 02111 USA EMD Serono Rockland MA USA

Background Benchmark data characterizing protocol design practices and performance informs clinical trial design decisions and serves as important baseline measures for assessing protocol design behaviors and their impact during and post-pandemic. Methods Tufts CSDD, in collaboration with a working group of 20 major and mid-sized pharmaceutical companies and CROs, gathered phase I-III data from protocols completed just prior to the start of the global pandemic. Results Data for 187 protocols were analyzed to derive benchmarks overall and for two primary subgroups: oncology vs. non-oncology protocols and rare disease vs. non-rare disease protocols. The results show a continuing upward trend across all protocol design variables. Phase II and III protocols average more endpoints, eligibility criteria, protocol pages;investigative sites;countries and datapoints collected. Oncology and rare disease protocols' enrolled-to-completion rates are much lower, involve a much higher average number of countries and investigative sites, require more planned patient visits and generate considerably more clinical research data. As such, oncology and rare disease clinical trial cycle times are longer-most notably at time periods occurring after study startup and prior to database lock-due to intense patient recruitment and retention challenges. Conclusions The results of this study present valuable design insights and comparative baseline measures. The implications of these results and the expected impact of decentralized clinical trials on protocol design practices and performance is discussed.

关键词： protocol design protocol complexity Oncology protocols Rare disease protocols protocol scope Clinical trial performance benchmarks

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protocol design issues in underwater acoustic networks

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COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 2011年第17期34卷 2013-2025页

作者： Casari, Paolo Zorzi, Michele Univ Padua Dept Informat Engn I-35100 Padua Italy

In this paper we discuss issues related to the design of underwater acoustic network protocols which are tailored around, and leverage on, the differences between underwater acoustics and terrestrial radio. These differences span physical propagation and energy consumption, and influence the design of medium access control, routing and topology management. By first reviewing a simple model for underwater sound propagation and hardware energy consumption, we introduce a set of solutions which explicitly account for, or make use of, the longer propagation delays of acoustic waves in the water with respect to radio waves in the air, and the different ratio between transmit and receive energy consumption offered by underwater transducers. These protocols deal with the problems of efficiently scheduling transmissions in a fixed 3D deployment, of optimizing the use of energy by choosing the best mechanisms for topology management, and of choosing the best hop length over a multihop path. We then review some more realistic underwater sound propagation behaviors, and detail their consequences on the simulation of MAC protocols for underwater networks. Finally, we briefly discuss the currently available underwater communications hardware (including both commercial and research modems) and comment on which paradigms are currently realizable, with special regard to those requiring the adaptability of transmit power and frequency. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Underwater acoustic networks protocol design Channel modeling

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Software protocol design: Communication and control in a multi-task robot machine for ITER vacuum vessel assembly and maintenance

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FUSION ENGINEERING AND design 2015年 98-99卷 1532-1537页

作者： Li, Ming Wu, Huapeng Handroos, Heikki Yang, Guangyou Wang, Yongbo Lappeenranta Univ Technol Lab Intelligent Machines Lappeenranta Finland Hubei Univ Technol Sch Mech Engn Wuhan Peoples R China

A specific communication and control protocol for software design of a multi-task robot machine is proposed. In order to fulfill the requirements on the complicated multi machining functions and the high performance motion control, the software design of robot is divided into two main parts accordingly, which consists of the user-oriented HMI part and robot control-oriented real-time control system. The two parts of software are deployed in the different hardware for the consideration of run-time performance, which forms a client server-control architecture. Therefore a high-level task-oriented protocol is designed for the data inter-communication between the HMI part and the control system part, in which all the transmitting data related to a machining task is divided into three categories: trajectoryoriented data, task control-oriented data and status monitoring-oriented data. The protocol consists of three sub-protocols accordingly a trajectory protocol, task control protocol and status protocol which are deployed over the Ethernet and run as independent processes in both the client and server computers. The protocols are able to manage the vast amounts of data streaming due to the multi machining functions in a more efficient way. Since the protocol is functioning in the software as a role of middleware, and providing the data interface standards for the developing groups of two parts of software, it also permits greater focus of both software parts developers on their own requirements-oriented design. By applying these protocols, the software for a multi-task robot machine that is used for ITER vacuum vessel assembly and maintenance has been developed and it is demonstrated that machining tasks of the robot machine, such as milling, drilling, welding etc., can be implemented in both an individual and composite way. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： ITER Multi-task robot protocol design Software design Real-time control

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Principles for Measurability in protocol design

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ACM SIGCOMM COMPUTER COMMUNICATION REVIEW 2017年第2期47卷 3-12页

作者： Allman, Mark Beverly, Robert Trammell, Brian Int Comp Sci Inst Berkeley CA 94704 USA Naval Postgrad Sch Monterey CA USA ETH Zuich Zurich Switzerland

Measurement has become fundamental to the operation of networks and at-scale services-whether for management, security, diagnostics, optimization, or simply enhancing our collective understanding of the Internet as a complex system. Further, measurements are useful across points of view-from end hosts to enterprise networks and data centers to the wide area Internet. We observe that many measurements are decoupled from the protocols and applications they are designed to illuminate. Worse, current measurement practice often involves the exploitation of side-effects and unintended features of the network;or, in other words, the artful piling of hacks atop one another. This state of a. airs is a direct result of the relative paucity of diagnostic and measurement capabilities built into today's network stack. Given our modern dependence on ubiquitous measurement, we propose measurability as an explicit low-level goal of current protocol design, and argue that measurements should be available to all network protocols throughout the stack. We seek to generalize the idea of measurement within protocols, e.g., the way in which TCP relies on measurement to drive its end-to-end behavior. Rhetorically, we pose the question: what if the stack had been built with measurability and diagnostic support in mind? We start from a set of principles for explicit measurability, and define primitives that, were they supported by the stack, would not only provide a solid foundation for protocol design going forward, but also reduce the cost and increase the accuracy of measuring the network.

关键词： Internet protocols protocol design network measurement

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EC-CENTRIC: An Energy- and Context-Centric Perspective on IoT Systems and protocol design

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IEEE ACCESS 2017年 5卷 6894-6908页

作者： Biason, Alessandro Pielli, Chiara Rossi, Michele Zanella, Andrea Zordan, Davide Kelly, Mark Zorzi, Michele Univ Padua Dept Informat Engn I-35131 Padua Italy Intel Labs Europe Leixlip CampusR148 Easton Leixlip Kildare Ireland

The radio transceiver of an Internet of Things (IoT) device is often where most of the energy is consumed. For this reason, most research so far has focused on low-power circuit and energy-efficient physical layer designs, with the goal of reducing the average energy per information bit required for communication. While these efforts are valuable per se, their actual effectiveness can be partially neutralized by ill-designed network, processing, and resource management solutions, which can become a primary factor of performance degradation, in terms of throughput, responsiveness, and energy efficiency. The objective of this paper is to describe an energy-centric and context-aware optimization framework that accounts for the energy impact of the fundamental functionalities of an IoT system and that proceeds along three main technical thrusts: 1) balancing signal-dependent processing techniques (compression and feature extraction) and communication tasks;2) jointly designing channel access and routing protocols to maximize the network lifetime;and 3) providing self-adaptability to different operating conditions through the adoption of suitable learning architectures and of flexible/reconfigurable algorithms and protocols. After discussing this framework, we present some preliminary results that validate the effectiveness of our proposed line of action, and show how the use of adaptive signal processing and channel access techniques allows an IoT network to dynamically tune lifetime for signal distortion, according to the requirements dictated by the application.

关键词： Context-awareness energy-efficiency internet of things protocol design

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MAC for Machine-Type Communications in Industrial IoT-Part I: protocol design and Analysis

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IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2021年第12期8卷 9945-9957页

作者： Gao, Jie Zhuang, Weihua Li, Mushu Shen, Xuemin Li, Xu Marquette Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Milwaukee WI 53233 USA Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Huawei Technol Canada Inc Dept CRC Ottawa ON K2K 3J1 Canada

In this two-part paper, we propose a novel medium access control (MAC) protocol for machine-type communications in the Industrial Internet of Things. The considered use case features a limited geographical area and a massive number of devices with sporadic data traffic and different priority types. We target supporting the devices while satisfying their Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements with a single access point and a single channel, which necessitates a customized design that can significantly improve the MAC performance. In Part I of this paper, we present the MAC protocol that comprises a new slot structure, corresponding channel access procedure, and mechanisms for supporting high device density and providing differentiated QoS. A key idea behind this protocol is sensing-based distributed coordination for significantly improving channel utilization. To characterize the proposed protocol, we analyze its delay performance based on the packet arrival rates of devices. The analytical results provide insights and lay the groundwork for the fine-grained scheduling with QoS guarantee as presented in Part II.

关键词： Industrial Internet of Things Quality of service Media Access protocol protocols Delays Sensors Production facilities Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) machine-type communications medium access control (MAC) protocol design

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Link Adaptation Strategies for IEEE 802.15.4 WPANs: protocol design and Performance Evaluation

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JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS 2019年第4期21卷 376-384页

作者： Jang, Youngrok Kim, Yongok Park, Sangjoon Choi, Sooyong Yonsei Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Seoul 03722 South Korea Samsung Elect Co Ltd Network Business Div 129 Samsungro Suwon 16677 Gyeonggi Do South Korea Kyonggi Univ Dept Elect Engn Suwon 16227 South Korea

This paper proposes two link adaptation strategies for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area networks (WPANs), using a multi-rate signaling set. In the proposed link adaptation strategies, the most adequate modulation and coding scheme (MCS) satisfying the target bit error rate (BER) of the end device is selected based on the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of either a beacon or an acknowledgement (ACK) frame. The beacon-based link adaptation scheme has low complexity and overhead, given that it performs link adaptation only once per superframe. In contrast, the ACK-based strategy performs link adaptation at every ACK frame, and therefore provides a faster and more effective link adaptation, but at the expense of a larger overhead. The specific protocol design for the proposed link adaptation strategies is developed by constructing the signal flow based on the service primitives between the protocol stack layers. The network simulator OPNET is used to implement an accurate IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN protocol stack and the simulation environment required for performance evaluation. The simulation results show that the received throughput of IEEE 802.15.4 WPANs can be improved by exploiting the proposed link adaptation strategies instead of auto-rate fallback, the conventional WPAN strategy.

关键词： IEEE 802.15.4 WPANs link adaptation performance evaluation protocol design wireless sensor networks

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