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21st IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)

作者： Ettihir, K. Boulon, L. Agbossou, K. Kelouwani, S. Hammoudi, M. Univ Quebec Trois Rivieres Quebec City PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781467301589

This paper proposes a strategy management of Fuel Cell Vehicle. The objective is to design an energetic strategy for the Low Speed Vehicle (LSV) Nemo. The vehicle is equipped with Axane fuel cell and a battery pack. The modeling is based on the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR). The model is validated on the vehicle test bench Nemo The strategy is based on the knowledge of the maximum and minimum power limits of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Axane. The strategy gives two modes of running, the first one gives a maximum efficiency run of the PEMFC and the other one the maximum power of PEMFC.

关键词： Proton exchange membrane fuel cells fuel cell vehicles Energy management Vehicle testing Maximum power pulse code modulation

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Optimizing Scheduling in Embedded CMP Systems with Phase Change Memory

Optimizing Scheduling in Embedded CMP Systems with Phase Cha...

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IEEE 18th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)

作者： Li, Jiayin Zhang, Zhiyang Qiu, Meikang Zhang, Ping Quan, Gang Zhu, Yongxin Univ Kentucky Dept Elect & Comp Engn Lexington KY 40506 USA South China Univ Technol Sch Comp Sci & Engn Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong Peoples R China Florida Int Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Miami FL 33174 USA Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Sch Microelect Shanghai Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781467345651;9780769549033

Phase Change Memory (PCM) is emerging as one of the most promising alternative technology to the Dynamic RAM (DRAM) when building large-scale main memory systems. Even though the PCM is easy to scale, it encounters serious endurance problems. Writes are the primary wear mechanism in the PCM. The PCM can perform 108 to 109 times of writes before it cannot be programmed reliably. In addition, the PCM has high write latency. To prolong the lifetime of the PCM as the main memory and enhance the performance, we propose a Scratch Pad Memory (SPM) based memory mechanism and an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) memory activities scheduling algorithm to reduce the redundant write operations in the PCM. The idea of our approach is to share the data copies among the SPMs, instead of writing back to the PCM main memory each time a modify occurs. Our experimental results show that the ILP scheduling can generate the optimal schedule of memory activities with minimum write operations, reducing the number of write by up to 61%.

关键词： pulse code modulation Phase change memory main memory Alternative Technologies abrasion mechanism Writing write operation Memory Memory

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Phase Change Memory: Scaling and Applications

Phase Change Memory: Scaling and Applications

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34th Annual IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)

作者： Jeyasingh, Rakesh Liang, Jiale Caldwell, Marissa A. Kuzum, Duygu Wong, H. -S. Philip Stanford Univ Dept Elect Engn Stanford CA 94305 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467315562

Phase Change Memory (PCM) technology is a promising candidate for the future non-volatile memory applications. Scaling of PCM into the sub-10 nm regime has been demonstrated using novel applications of nanofabrication techniques. PCM devices using solution-processed GeTe nanoparticles of diameter range 1.8 - 3.4nm has been demonstrated. Highly scaled (<2nm) PCM cross-point device using carbon nanotube as the electrode is fabricated proving the scalability of PCM to ultra small dimensions. The use of PCM as a nanoelectronic synapse for neuromorphic computation is also demonstrated as an illustration of PCM application beyond digital memory.

关键词： pulse code modulation Phase change memory diameter range Data storage devices ILLUSTRATIONS Scalability Scale formation Carbon Nanotubes

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Efficient Scrub Mechanisms for Error-Prone Emerging Memories

Efficient Scrub Mechanisms for Error-Prone Emerging Memories

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18th IEEE International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)

作者： Awasthi, Manu Shevgoor, Manjunath Sudan, Kshitij Rajendran, Bipin Balasubramonian, Rajeev Srinivasan, Viji Univ Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Yorktown Hts NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467308243;9781467308267

Many memory cell technologies are being considered as possible replacements for DRAM and Flash technologies, both of which are nearing their scaling limits. While these new cells (PCM, STT-RAM, FeRAM, etc.) promise high density, better scaling, and non-volatility, they introduce new challenges. Solutions at the architecture level can help address some of these problems;e.g., prior research has proposed wear-leveling and hard error tolerance mechanisms to overcome the limited write endurance of PCM cells. In this paper, we focus on the soft error problem in PCM, a topic that has received little attention in the architecture community. Soft errors in DRAM memories are typically addressed by having SECDED support and a scrub mechanism. The scrub mechanism scans the memory looking for a single-bit error and corrects it before the line experiences a second uncorrectable error. However, PCM (and other emerging memories) are prone to new sources of soft errors. In particular, multi-level cell (MLC) PCM devices will suffer from resistance drift, that increases the soft error rate and incurs high overheads for the scrub mechanism. This paper is the first to study the design of architectural scrub mechanisms, especially when tailored to the drift phenomenon in MLC PCM. Many of our solutions will also apply to other soft-error prone emerging memories. We first show that scrub overheads can be reduced with support for strong ECC codes and a lightweight error de- tection operation. We then design different scrub algorithms that can adaptively trade-off soft and hard errors. Using an approach that combines all proposed solutions, our scrub mechanism yields a 96.5% reduction in uncorrectable errors, a 24.4 x decrease in scrub-related writes, and a 37.8% reduction in scrub energy, relative to a basic scrub algorithm used in modern DRAM systems.

关键词： scrub pulse code modulation Bit error rate DRAM1 gene Memory Error analysis hard error

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An Integrated Variable Positive/Negative Temperature Coefficient Read Reference Generator for MLC PCM/NAND Hybrid 3D SSD

An Integrated Variable Positive/Negative Temperature Coeffic...

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IEEE Asian Solid State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC)

作者： Miyaji, Kousuke Johguchi, Koh Higuchi, Kazuhide Takeuchi, Ken Chuo Univ Dept Elect Elect & Commun Engn Tokyo Japan Univ Tokyo Dept Elect Engn & Informat Syst Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781467327718

An integrated variable temperature coefficient (TC) reference generator for multi-level cell phase change memory (PCM)/NAND flash memory hybrid three dimensional solid-state drive is proposed and demonstrated by 0.18 mu m CMOS process. The proposed generator outputs both positive and negative TC reference current and voltage for PCM and NAND, respectively. TC is programmable and it can be widely changed down to -5.47mV/K and up to 5.74mV/K. Output level is also variable and it is independently controlled from the TC control. The flexible TC and output level control also enable a compensation of characteristics changes due to the program/erase cycling as wells as the process variations of the memory devices. The size of the reference generator is 0.195mm(2). The power consumption is 0.68mW at 120degC, 2.3V output.

关键词： reference generator temperature factor output level Variable process change Memory devices PROGRAMMABLE microprocessor logic circuit MLC1 gene pulse code modulation solid-state disk Silver Sulfadiazine Power consumption WELLS generator output

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PreSET: Improving Performance of Phase Change Memories by Exploiting Asymmetry in Write Times

PreSET: Improving Performance of Phase Change Memories by Ex...

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39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA)

作者： Qureshi, Moinuddin K. Franceschini, Michele M. Jagmohan, Ashish Lastras, Luis A. Georgia Inst Technol Atlanta GA 30332 USA IBM Corp TJ Watson Res Ctr Armonk NY 10504 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781467304764

Phase Change Memory (PCM) is a promising technology for building future main memory systems. A prominent characteristic of PCM is that it has write latency much higher than read latency. Servicing such slow writes causes significant contention for read requests. For our baseline PCM system, the slow writes increase the effective read latency by almost 2X, causing significant performance degradation. This paper alleviates the problem of slow writes by exploiting the fundamental property of PCM devices that writes are slow only in one direction (SET operation) and are almost as fast as reads in the other direction (RESET operation). Therefore, a write operation to a line in which all memory cells have been SET prior to the write, will incur much lower latency. We propose PreSET, an architectural technique that leverages this property to pro-actively SET all the bits in a given memory line well in advance of the anticipated write to that memory line. Our proposed design initiates a PreSET request for a memory line as soon as that line becomes dirty in the cache, thereby allowing a large window of time for the PreSET operation to complete. Our evaluations show that PreSET is more effective and incurs lower storage overhead than previously proposed write cancellation techniques. We also describe static and dynamic throttling schemes to limit the rate of PreSET operations. Our proposal reduces effective read latency from 982 cycles to 594 cycles and increases system performance by 34%, while improving the energy-delay-product by 25%.

关键词： preset Phase change memory write time immunocytes pulse code modulation Latency Writing Surgery Building Technology degradation of performance

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A multiscale physical model for the transient analysis of PEM water electrolyzer anodes

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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2012年第29期14卷 10215-10224页

作者： Oliveira, Luiz Fernando L. Laref, Slimane Mayousse, Eric Jallut, Christian Franco, Alejandro A. CEA Atom Energy & Alternat Energies Commiss DRT LITENDETH Lab Components Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers & Model F-38054 Grenoble 9 France Univ Lyon 1 CNRS UMR 5007 LAGEP F-69622 Villeurbanne France

Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are electrochemical devices that can be used for the production of hydrogen. In a PEMWE the anode is the most complex electrode to study due to the high overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), not widely understood. A physical bottom-up multi-scale transient model describing the operation of a PEMWE anode is proposed here. This model includes a detailed description of the elementary OER kinetics in the anode, a description of the non-equilibrium behavior of the nanoscale catalyst-electrolyte interface, and a microstructural-resolved description of the transport of charges and O-2 at the micro and mesoscales along the whole anode. The impact of different catalyst materials on the performance of the PEMWE anode, and a study of sensitivity to the operation conditions are evaluated from numerical simulations and the results are discussed in comparison with experimental data.

关键词： Open Educational Resources Transient analysis Electrochemical devices mesoscale pulse code modulation Surgery hydrogen production physical models oxygen electrolyzer Operating conditions Catalyst materials Anodes

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Reliability analysis of a novel pulse code modulation flow control valve with self-compensating ability

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QUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL 2007年第4期23卷 431-444页

作者： Zhang Peng Gao Jinji Beijing Uiv Chem Engn Diag & Self Recovery Engn Res Ctr Beijing 100029 Peoples R China

In this paper a self-compensating pulse code modulation compound flow control valve and its self-compensating algorithm are introduced. After adopting a self-compensating method, the compound valve can maintain good control quality when one or more turn on/off valves (TOVs) fail by adjusting the activities of unfailed TOVs. A stochastic fault model for the compound valve is established and a Monte Carlo approach is used to calculate its life distribution. The results indicate that there is about 20-50% increase of mean controllable life. This might be of great importance when immediate emergency shutdown is not allowable or too costly, such as in the case of aircraft control and in the control of continuous processes. The extra life can leave a large enough time margin to plan a more graceful shutdown and maintenance. Copyright (C) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： fault self-recovery pulse code modulation flow control valve stochastic fault model life distribution

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A study on possibilistic and fuzzy possibilistic C-means clustering algorithms for data clustering

A study on possibilistic and fuzzy possibilistic C-means clu...

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International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science, Engineering and Technology (INCOSET)

作者： O. A. Mohamed Jafar R. Sivakumar PG and Research Department of Computer Science Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous) Tiruchirappalli India

ISBN: (纸本)9781467351416

Data clustering is one of the important data mining tasks. It is the process of grouping objects into clusters such that objects in the same clusters are more similar to each other than the objects in different clusters. It has been applied in many fields., including data mining., data analysis., document retrieval., machine learning., pattern recognition., bioinformatics and image analysis. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm is one of the important clustering techniques. However., it is sensitive to noises and is easily struck at local minima. The possibilistic c-means (PCM) algorithm proposed in the literature solves the noise sensitivity problem of FCM algorithm. However., the performance of PCM depends heavily on the initialization and often deteriorates due to the coincident clustering problem. Fuzzy possibilistic c-means algorithm (FPCM) solves the problems of both FCM and PCM algorithms. In this paper., we studied PCM and FPCM clustering techniques. The algorithms are tested with five real world data sets and randomly generated data set. A brief review of applications of these algorithms is also described.

关键词： Data mining data clustering Possibilistic c-means Fuzzy possibilistic c-means data clustering data mining pulse code modulation algorithms Dataset Fuzzy Clusters Clustering algorithms

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Stochastic Analysis of Air-Traffic System and Its Corresponding Application in Parameters Prediction

Stochastic Analysis of Air-Traffic System and Its Correspond...

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American Control Conference

作者： Qianli Ma Yan Wan Dengfeng Sun School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA Department of Electrical Engineering University of North Texas Denton TX 76203 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781457710957

In this paper we propose using one of the stochastic methods - Probabilistic Collocation Method (PCM) to find simplified polynomial mapping between two uncertain Air-Traffic System (ATS) parameter data sets. These two parameter sets can be two distinguished collection of measured parameters depicting various aspects of one specific air-traffic system, and the knowledge of parameters distribution is not a requirement. We show that PCM can be applied to air-traffic systems from immense systems like United States' National Air-space System (NAS), down-scale to middle-sized systems as New York City metro-area air-traffic system with combination of three major airports (JFK, EWR and LGA) or even smaller systems like Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD). Compared with commonly used direct polynomial fitting method, PCM has the advantages in both efficient calculation and high accuracy. Along with the mapping relation of PCM from historical parameter data sets, we applied such polynomial mapping relation to predict the future air-traffic within the same system. By comparing the predicted data with the real recorded or FACET simulated data, we have reached the conclusion that the PCM performs excellent in analyzing current data and predicting future value based on historical mapping formula. The capability of forecasting by applying PCM serves as one powerful tool in launching control on air-traffic system as well as managing the system in advance based on the known traffic data.

关键词： pulse code modulation traffic systems stochastic analysis parameter prediction Traffic data GLS2 gene distributed parameter MAPPING(MATHEMATICAL) Polynomial managed system

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