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Online detection and evaluation of early fatigue cracks using sideband peak intensity technique with frequency-mismatched excitation pulse-echo method

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ULTRASONICS 2025年 148卷 107559页

作者： Wang, Fengling Sun, Mingzhu Zhang, Shuzeng Zhang, Guangdong Li, Xiongbing Kundu, Tribikram Cent South Univ Sch Traff & Transportat Engn Changsha 410075 Hunan Peoples R China Army Engn Univ Shijiazhuang Campus Shijiazhuang 050003 Hebei Peoples R China Univ Arizona Dept Civil & Architectural Engn & Mech Tucson AZ 85721 USA

This work presents a nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) technique called sideband peak intensity (SPI) combining an improved pulse-echo (PE) experimental method for online detection and evaluation of fatigue cracks at their early stages. Advantages of the proposed technique are that it enjoys the high sensitivity and ease of application of NLU SPI technique and easy implementation of the PE experimental method. The PE experimental method is improved by adopting frequency-mismatched excitations to enhance the sensitivity and robustness of the SPI technique. In frequency-mismatched excitation mode, the frequency of the initial excitation differs from the nominal central frequency of the transducer, resulting in distinguishable sideband peaks compared to frequencymatched excitation. Experimental results in fatigue damaged specimens show that the SPI values obtained using the proposed frequency-mismatched excitation in PE method are more sensitive to early fatigue cracks than those obtained using the frequency-matched excitation method. Online ultrasonic experiments were also conducted to quantify wave signals from the specimen at various fatigue stages affixed to the fatigue testing apparatus, and it was found that online detection can achieve results consistent with offline detection. This work provides a more sensitive and robust NLU method for online measurements of fatigue cracks in engineering structures and can benefit the nondestructive testing and evaluation community.

关键词： Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques Sideband peak intensity technique pulse-echo method Frequency-mismatched excitation Early fatigue cracks

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Assessment of heat-treated INCONEL alloy 690 using third-order ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter measured by the pulse-echo method

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NDT & E INTERNATIONAL 2025年 151卷

作者： Bang, Sung-Jun Song, Dong-Gi Jhang, Kyung-Young Hanyang Univ Dept Mech Convergence Engn Seoul South Korea Korea Atom Energy Res Inst Adv Reactor Technol Dev Div Daejeon South Korea Hanyang Univ Sch Mech Engn Seoul South Korea

The ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter has been demonstrated in numerous studies to be an effective indicator of material degradation. In most such studies, the second-order nonlinearity parameter, defined using the second harmonic component generated during the ultrasonic propagation, is measured via the through-transmission method. However, the pulse-echo method is highly advantageous in field applications. Unfortunately, the second harmonic component is difficult to receive using the pulse-echo method due to the phase inversion effect. To address this difficulty, we measure the third-order nonlinearity parameter, defined using the third harmonic component that is free from phase inversion, using the pulse-echo method to assess heat-treated INCONEL alloy 690. For experimental verification, INCONEL alloy 690 specimens were prepared with up to 200 h of heat treatment at 700 degrees C. For comparison, the second-order nonlinearity parameter was measured via the throughtransmission method. Additionally, the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation coefficient, which are linear parameters, were also measured to compare their change rates with those of the nonlinear parameters. Subsequently, the tensile and yield strengths were obtained through the destructive tensile test, and the results were correlated with the measured parameters. Our results indicate that the third-order nonlinearity parameter showed the strongest correlation to the measured strengths. The second-order nonlinearity parameter showed the same trend as that of the third-order nonlinearity parameter but with lower change rate and the attenuation coefficient showed a tendency, but the change rate was greatly reduced. The ultrasonic velocity showed almost no change. These results show that the third-order nonlinearity parameter is an effective indicator of thermal aging of INCONEL alloy 690 material, and this methodology is expected to be highly applicable to field applications.

关键词： Second-order ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter Third-order ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter Through-transmission method pulse-echo method Degradation assessment

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Non-destructive assessment of concrete using the pulse-echo method - possibilities and limits

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BAUTECHNIK 2018年第2期95卷 148-156页

作者： Vogel, Michael Kotan, Engin Mueller, Harald S. Karlsruher Inst Technol Inst Massivbau & Baustofftechnol Abt Baustoffe & Betonbau Gotthard Franz Str 3Geb 50-31 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany

For an effective assessment of the condition of concrete structures non-destructive methods are required. The ultrasonic pulse velocity technology offers a suitable non-destructive onsite testing method. The on-site applications of the pulse-echo method and the interpretation of the measured data require essential practical engineering expertise. To support and improve the practical experience it is necessary to apply the pulse-echo method under well-defined laboratory conditions. Such conditions allow verifying the complex measurement results. Consequently, the user can practice the correct handling and analysis of the pulse-echo method. This paper shows the planning and production of special concrete specimens. In these concrete elements different defects and cladding tubes, which vary in geometry and in dimension, were integrated. Furthermore, using these specimens the effective application of the pulse-echo method as well as the analysis and reliable interpretation of the achieved data can be realised. Recommendations concerning the target-oriented application of the pulseecho method will be given.

关键词： non-destructive ultrasonic method pulse-echo method concrete structures positioning of defects

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Feasibility study of nonlinear ultrasonic imaging using a contact pulse-echo method for fatigue damage evaluation

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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND EVALUATION 2024年

作者： Wang, Lei Xie, Lejuan Cheng, Canhui Zhang, Shuzeng Cent South Univ Sch Traff & Transportat Engn Changsha Hunan Peoples R China

A contact pulse-echo nonlinear imaging method is proposed for the detection and localisation of fatigue damage in solid materials. A dual element transducer is designed based on nonlinear wave simulations and manufactured to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of harmonic waves. The transducer is clamped on a fixture device for scanning. The proposed method is introduced for scanning and imaging stainless steel specimens with different fatigue damage states. Experimental results for the specimen in the initial state show that both the fundamental and second harmonic waves are well measured and the imaging of nonlinear parameters is very stable over the scanning area. The imaging results for the specimen with an initial fatigue crack show that the fundamental waves remain the same but the second harmonic waves vary significantly in the potential growth area of the fatigue crack. Furthermore, the imaging results for the seriously fatigued specimen show that the amplitudes of fundamental waves decrease near the fatigue crack, while the amplitudes of second harmonic waves increase. These results indicate that the proposed pulse-echo method is effective for nonlinear ultrasonic imaging and early damage evaluation. The factors affecting the nonlinear waves in the lab experiments and possible problems with practical applications are also discussed for the proposed method.

关键词： Nonlinear imaging fatigue damage dual element transducer pulse-echo method

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Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a pulse-echo Nonlinear method

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MATERIALS 2020年第6期13卷 1395页

作者： Liu, Yichen Li, Xiongbing Zhang, Guangdong Zhang, Shuzeng Jeong, Hyunjo Cent South Univ Sch Traff & Transportat Engn Changsha 410075 Peoples R China Cent South Univ Minist Educ Key Lab Traff Safety Track Changsha 410075 Peoples R China Wonkwang Univ Dept Mech Engn Iksan 54538 South Korea

Tube/Pipe (TP) 304 stainless steel has been widely used in industry, but a change in its microstructures may endanger its service safety, and it is essential to evaluate its microstructural evolution. In this work, a pulse-echo nonlinear method is proposed to characterize the microstructural evolution of the TP304 stainless steel. The detailed pulse-echo nonlinear experimental process is presented, and it is shown that the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined when the effect of attenuation is taken into account. The microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel is artificially controlled by annealing treatments before it is evaluated by using nonlinear ultrasonic method and metallographic method. The results show that the grain sizes increase as the annealing time increases, which leads to the performance degradation of the TP304 steel and an increase in the nonlinear parameters, with the reason discussed considering the variation in the microstructure. The present pulse-echo nonlinear method is easier to conduct than the traditional transmission-through method and the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined for quantitative characterization. The variation in determined nonlinear parameters provides a reference to evaluate the microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel.

关键词： TP304 stainless steel microstructural evolution nonlinear acoustics pulse-echo method absolute nonlinear parameter measurement

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Detection and evaluation of fatigue cracks using a nonlinear ultrasonic sideband peak count technique with a pulse-echo experimental method

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JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION 2024年 583卷

作者： Sun, Mingzhu Zhang, Shuzeng Zhang, Guangdong Li, Xiongbing Kundu, Tribikram Cent South Univ Sch Traff & Transportat Engn Changsha 410075 Hunan Peoples R China Univ Arizona Dept Civil & Architecture Engn & Mech Tucson AZ 85721 USA

The nondestructive ultrasonic detection and evaluation of fatigue cracks is critical to ensure the safe operation of equipment. Although linear ultrasonic methods are easy to implement in practice, their parameters are insensitive to micro-scale cracks that are smaller than the wavelength. Conventional nonlinear techniques have better sensitivity but require a relatively complicated configuration and demanding experimental setups. In this work, a simple approach for the inspection of fatigue damage is presented to overcome the above shortcomings by combining nonlinear sideband peak count (SPC) techniques with the pulse-echo experimental method. Related nonlinear wave theories are briefly reviewed, and experiments are performed in stainless steel specimens with varying crack levels to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The linear and nonlinear parameters are extracted from the measurements for comparison. The results demonstrate that, under the same pulse-echo mode with low excitation amplitude, both the SPC-I (sideband peak count-index) and SPI (sideband peak intensity) variations are more sensitive to the quantitative detection of fatigue cracks than the conventional linear and nonlinear ultrasonic based parameters, especially in the initial stages of cracking. Experiments using pitch-catch configuration and an additional pulse-echo experiment using a different input frequency are carried out to verify the reliability and superiority of the proposed method. This work provides a convenient and efficient method for robust measurements of early damage of materials in practice.

关键词： Fatigue crack Nonlinear ultrasonic Sideband peak count techniques pulse-echo method

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Speed-of-sound measurements in liquid n-heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane)

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FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA 2025年 596卷

作者： Dietl, T. El Hawary, A. Meier, K. Univ Bundeswehr Hamburg Helmut Schmidt Univ Inst Thermodynam Holstenhofweg 85 D-22043 Hamburg Germany

This paper reports comprehensive and accurate measurements of the speed of sound in liquid n-heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane). The measurements were carried out by a double-path-length pulse-echo technique and cover the temperature range between 200 K and 420 K with pressures up to 100 MPa. The expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k = 2) amount to 2.1 mK in temperature, 0.005% in pressure, 0.02% in speed of sound in n-heptane, and 0.015% in speed of sound in isooctane, with the exception of a few state points at low pressures, where it increases up to 0.03% for n-heptane and up to 0.035% for isooctane. Our data are more accurate than previously published data for both fluids. The measurements for isooctane extend the range in which the speed of sound had been measured before from 293 K down to 200 K and from 373 K up to 420 K. We also provide accurate correlations for the speed of sound as a function of temperature and pressure in the range of our measurements. Our data can contribute to developing new, more accurate equations of state for both fluids.

关键词： n-Heptane High pressure Isooctane pulse-echo method Speed of sound

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pulse-echo-based third-order nonlinear ultrasound enhancement and its applications to microstructural characterizations in metal additive manufacturing

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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 2025年 229卷

作者： Park, Seong-Hyun Soongsil Univ Sch Mech Engn Seoul 04763 South Korea

Second harmonic-based nonlinear ultrasonics is an emerging nondestructive testing technology that has recently gained attention owing to its high sensitivity for characterizing microstructures. However, this technique operates exclusively in the through-transmission mode and cannot be applied using the pulse-echo (PE) method, which is highly suitable for field applications owing to the phase-inversion effect. To address this limitation, we develop a PE-based third-order nonlinear ultrasonic technique for characterizing the microstructures of additive manufacturing (AM) components. Experiments demonstrate that the PE-based third-harmonic technique is highly sensitive to microstructural changes, including micro-oxide inclusions and grain structures formed during AM, whereas the conventional second-harmonic technique is not. An extensive discussion, supported by numerical simulations, is provided to explain these findings. The developed technique shows potential for in-situ monitoring in various industrial fields, including AM, because it enables single-sided measurements.

关键词： Third-order harmonic generation pulse-echo method Nonlinear ultrasonic technique Microstructural characterization Additive manufacturing

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pulse-echo acoustic properties evaluation method using high-frequency transducer

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MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020年第12期31卷 125011-125011页

作者： Li, Zhangjian Han, Zhile Jian, Xiaohua Shao, Weiwei Jiao, Yang Cui, Yaoyao Univ Sci & Technol China Hefei 230026 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Suzhou Inst Biomed Engn & Technol Suzhou 215163 Peoples R China Fudan Univ Shanghai 200433 Peoples R China

The quantitative measurement of acoustic properties is indispensable for many applications. The realization of devices for the evaluation of acoustic properties with higher accuracy and lower error is of great importance. Moreover, the ability to obtain the high-frequency acoustic characteristics of materials is also highly desirable. In this research, the pulse echo method is applied to measure a material's acoustic parameters, using a miniature transducer with a center frequency of 42.9 MHz. For this method, only one transducer is needed, and the measurement system is simple. Acoustic parameter calculation methods for three types of materials are studied, and the corresponding experiments are conducted. The experimental results show that the sound velocity of water is 1508.8 m s(-1), and its attenuation coefficient is 0.981 dB mm(-1);the results for liquid paraffin give results of 1386.8 m s(-1)and 2.35 dB mm(-1), respectively. With reference to polymer materials, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) thin film has a sound velocity of 1987.2 m s(-1)and an attenuation of 37.1 dB mm(-1), and polyimide thin film has a sound velocity of 2142.3 m s(-1)and an attenuation of 25 dB mm(-1). In terms of ceramics, the sound velocity of PZT-5H 3203HD is 4804.2 m s(-1), and its attenuation is 1.71 dB mm(-1);96% alumina ceramic has a sound velocity of 9924.9 m s(-1)and its attenuation 1.18 dB mm(-1). All results pertaining to sound velocity agree well with those reported in previous works. The measured attenuation coefficients at high frequency are also in good agreement with the experimental data. All experimental results validate the feasibility, effectiveness, convenience, and accuracy of this method.

关键词： acoustic properties evaluation pulse-echo method high-frequency transducer

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Ultrasonic distance and velocity measurement using a pair of LPM signals for cross-correlation method: Improvement of Doppler-shift compensation and examination of Doppler velocity estimation

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ULTRASONICS 2012年第7期52卷 873-879页

作者： Hirata, Shinnosuke Kurosawa, Minoru Kuribayashi Univ Electrocommun Grad Sch Informat & Engn Dept Mech Engn & Intelligent Syst Chofu Tokyo 1828585 Japan Tokyo Inst Technol Interdisciplinary Grad Sch Sci & Engn Dept Informat Proc Midori Ku Yokohama Kanagawa 2268502 Japan

Real-time distance measurement of a moving object with high accuracy and high resolution using an ultrasonic wave is difficult due to the influence of the Doppler effect or the limit of the calculation cost of signal processing. An over-sampling signal processing method using a pair of LPM signals has been proposed for ultrasonic distance and velocity measurement of moving objects with high accuracy and high resolution. The proposed method consists of cross correlation by single-bit signal processing, high-resolution Doppler velocity estimation with wide measurement range and low-calculation-cost Doppler-shift compensation. The over-sampling cross-correlation function is obtained from cross correlation by single-bit signal processing with low calculation cost. The Doppler velocity and distance of the object are determined from the peak interval and peak form in the cross-correlation function by the proposed method of Doppler velocity estimation and Doppler-shift compensation. In this paper, the proposed method of Doppler-shift compensation is improved. Accuracy of the determined distance was improved from approximately within +/- 140 mu m in the previous method to approximately within +/- 10 mu m in computer simulations. Then, the proposed method of Doppler velocity estimation is evaluated. In computer simulations, accuracy of the determined Doppler velocity and distance were demonstrated within +/- 8.471 mm/s and +/- 13.87 mu m. In experiments, Doppler velocities of the motorized stage could be determined within +/- 27.9 mm/s. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ultrasonic distance and velocity measurement pulse-echo method Over-sampling signal processing Doppler velocity estimation Doppler-shift compensation

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