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High-Accuracy Multiply-Accumulate (MAC) Technique for Unary Stochastic Computing

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 2022年第6期71卷 1425-1439页

作者： Schober, Peter Najafi, M. Hassan TaheriNejad, Nima Vienna Univ Technol Inst Comp Technol ICT A-1040 Vienna Austria Univ Louisiana Lafayette Sch Comp & Informat Lafayette LA 70504 USA

Multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations are common in data processing and machine learning but costly in terms of hardware usage. Stochastic Computing (SC) is a promising approach for low-cost hardware design of complex arithmetic operations such as multiplication. Computing with deterministic unary bit-streams (defined as bit-streams with all 1s grouped at the beginning or end of a bit-stream) has been recently suggested to improve the accuracy of SC. Conventionally, SC designs use multiplexer (mux) units or OR gates to accumulate data in the stochastic domain. MUX-based addition suffers from scaling of data and OR-based addition from inaccuracy. This work proposes a novel technique for MAC operation on unary bit-streams that allows exact, non-scaled addition of multiplication results. By introducing a relative delay between the products, we control correlation between bit-streams and eliminate OR-based addition error. We evaluate the accuracy of the proposed technique compared to the state-of-the-art MAC designs. After quantization, the proposed technique demonstrates at least 37 percent and up to 100 percent decrease of the mean absolute error for uniformly distributed random input values, compared to traditional OR-based MAC designs. Further, we demonstrate that the proposed technique is practical and evaluate area, power and energy of three possible implementations.

关键词： Delays Logic gates pulse width modulation Correlation Hardware Computer architecture Quantization (signal) Stochastic computing unary computing multiply accumulate unary bit-streams deterministic bit-stream processing pulse-width modulation

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Impact of NBTI-Induced pulse-width modulation on SET pulse-width Measurement

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2013年第4期60卷 2630-2634页

作者： Harada, Ryo Mitsuyama, Yukio Hashimoto, Masanori Onoye, Takao Osaka Univ Dept Informat Syst Engn Suita Osaka 5650871 Japan CREST JST Tokyo 1020075 Japan Kochi Univ Technol Sch Syst Engn Kochi 7828502 Japan

This paper gives an explanation that SET pulse-width modulation in bulk CMOS devices happens due to negative bias temperature instability (NBTI). To investigate this, we propose and implement a stress adjustable pulse-width measurement circuit. Measurement results of test chips fabricated in a 65nm bulk CMOS process clearly show that pulse-width broadening and shrinking depend on the condition of static and dynamic stress before the pulse propagation. The measured dependency of pulse-width modulation on supply voltage is well correlated with that of NBTI model. We also point out that soft error rate computed from SET pulse-width distribution measured under static stress is pessimistic.

关键词： Negative bias temperature instability pulse-width measurement pulse-width modulation pulse-broadening pulse-shrinking single-event-transient

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Alternating Sequence and Zero Vector modulation with Reduced Switching Losses and Common-Mode Voltage in Current Source Inverters 38

Alternating Sequence and Zero Vector Modulation with Reduced...

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IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Lee, Sanuwhee Chen, Feida Jahns, Thomas M. Sarlioulu, Bulent Univ Wisconsin Madison Dept Elect & Comp Engn Madison WI 53706 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665475396

This paper proposes an alternating sequence and zero modulation (ASZM) algorithm for current source inverters (CSIs) that simultaneously reduces the switching losses and common-mode voltages (v(CM)). The PWM sequence and the zero current vectors are altered based on the CSI output voltage conditions, and the optimal PWM options are selected to achieve the minimum switching losses and v(CM). In addition, the proposed ASZM algorithm inherently achieves zero-voltage (or near-zero voltage) switching conditions during the zero current vector transitions, leading to a further reduction of the switching losses. Experimental results exhibit significant reductions of v(CM) by as much as 95% over a wide frequency range and up to 57% reduction of the CSI losses compared to the baseline CSI modulation algorithm, confirming the predicted advantages of the proposed ASZM algorithm.

关键词： common-mode voltage current source inverter pulse-width modulation switching loss

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Switching Mode Power Amplifier for Fully Digital RF Transmitter at 3.6 GHz in 22 nm FD-SOI CMOS 18

Switching Mode Power Amplifier for Fully Digital RF Transmit...

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18th International Conference on Ph.D Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME)

作者： Wittlinger, Manuel Groezing, Markus Berroth, Manfred Univ Stuttgart Inst Elect & Opt Commun Engn D-70569 Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350303209

Post-layout simulation results of a current mode switching mode power amplifier (CM-SMPA) in 22 nm FD-SOI CMOS for a fully digital RF transmitter with a peak output power of 23.51 dBm (224.4 mW) at 3.6 GHz are presented. The CM-SMPA is driven by a pulse-width (PW) and pulse-position (PP) modulated signal for amplitude and phase control. To increase the amplitude dynamic range, the conductance (G) of the switches is also modulated. For a 64-QAM signal with 112.5 MBd, an error vector magnitude (EVM) of -32.50 dB with a maximum adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of -40.81 dB in the neighbor channel is achieved. The average total efficiency and drain efficiency are 24.93 % and 32.12 % respectively. The large signal bandwidth potential of this transmitter concept is shown by a simulation of a 450 MBd 64-QAM with a channel bandwidth of 675 MHz.

关键词： CMOS power amplifier switching mode amplifier digital RF transmitter pulse-width modulation broadband amplifier

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Bifurcation Analysis of a pulse-width Control System

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AUTOMATION AND REMOTE CONTROL 2022年第2期83卷 204-213页

作者： Yanochkina, O. O. Titov, D., V Southwest State Univ Kursk 305040 Russia

We study local bifurcations in a control system with pulse-width modulation of the first kind (PWM-1) whose state is described by a piecewise smooth mapping. It is shown that, in addition to classical bifurcations, the so-called border collision bifurcations, which have no analogs in smooth systems, are possible in pulsed systems. The main bifurcation transitions are described using a piecewise linear continuous mapping as a normal form.

关键词： pulse-width modulation piecewise smooth mapping border collision bifurcation normal form

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A Hybrid Switching modulation of Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Energy Storage System in DC Microgrid

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 6555-6568页

作者： Choi, Hyun-Jun Heo, Kyung-Wook Jung, Jee-Hoon LG Elect Home Appliance & Air Solut H&A Chang Won 51533 South Korea Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol UNIST Dept Elect Engn Ulsan 44919 South Korea

Isolated bi-direction DC-DC converters are widely used for energy storage systems (ESS) of DC microgrids. Particularly, a current-fed isolated bi-directional DC-DC converter (CF-IBDC) receives much attention due to its merits such as the naturally attenuated current ripple on the battery side. However, high efficiency cannot be obtained at the light and heavy load conditions under the conventional control methods. In this paper, a hybrid switching modulation is proposed to improve the power conversion efficiency of the CF-IBDC under light and heavy load conditions. The duty cycle of the secondary sides and the phase shift angle are independently controlled according to the amount of the transferred power. The control strategy is based on the optimization of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) conditions and the minimization of the circulating current in the power converter. Using the proposed control algorithm, the ZVS capability can be obtained under the entire load condition, and the circulating current can be minimized under the single phase-shift modulation (SPSM). Experimental results with a 1-kW laboratory prototype CF-IBDC validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation algorithm.

关键词： Zero voltage switching Voltage control Batteries Phase modulation pulse width modulation DC-DC power converters Bidirectional control Current-fed topology bidirectional dc-dc converter pulse-width modulation single phase shift modulation hybrid control strategy battery applications

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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR (TCD)-TYPE GAS SENSOR BASED ON THE SUSPENDED 1D NANOHEATER FOR IOT APPLICATIONS 36

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR (TCD)-TYPE GAS SENSOR BASED ON...

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36th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

作者： Cho, Wootaek Kwak, Jong-Hyun Kim, Taejung Shin, Heungjoo Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol UNIST Ulsan South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781665493086

We developed a thermal conductivity detector-type gas sensor based on a suspended 1D nanoheater. The excellent thermal insulation and small size induced by the suspended nano-sized 1D architecture enabled ultrafast gas detection at ultralow power with pulsed power input. Due to these advantageous, thus, the nanoheater-based gas sensor is expected to be applicable to IoT applications. The nanoheater-based sensor chip was integrated with through-silicon vias adaptive to the heater fabrication for facile sensor packaging. Moreover, entire sensor chips were fabricated using wafer-level microfabrication processes, ensuring cost-effective manufacturing.

关键词： Thermal conductivity detector (TCD) Gas sensor pulse-width modulation Suspended architecture CMEMS

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A vector-splitting method for neutral-point voltage regulation in a three-level inverter

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JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS 2022年第5期22卷 773-783页

作者： Hwang, Hankyu Lee, Woosuk Park, Yongsoon Gwangju Inst Sci & Technol Grad Sch Energy Convergence Gwangju South Korea

Neutral-point voltage regulation is one of the critical issues of a three-level inverter. This problem adversely affects the reliability of the power semiconductor. Zero-sequence voltage (ZSV) can be useful to regulate the neutral-point voltage in a three-level inverter. However, the regulating performance can be impeded by the change of the modulation index and the power factor. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to improve ZSV-based regulation. By aptly splitting a reference vector, the available range of the neutral-point current can be further stabilized at each operating point. It is detailed how to combine vector splitting with ZSV-based regulation. After the proposed method is discussed with simulation results for the entire first quadrant operation of an induction motor, its effectiveness is validated with experimental results under harsh operating conditions. As a result, the proposed method could effectively regulate the neutral-point voltage at various operating points and, in particular, could reduce neutral-point voltage ripples by 72.6% even under the worst condition.

关键词： Three-level inverter Neutral-point voltage regulation Vector-splitting pulse-width modulation

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A new Transformerless Five-level Boost Inverter with Minimum Switch Count For Photovoltaic Application 3

A new Transformerless Five-level Boost Inverter with Minimum...

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3rd IEEE International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control, STPEC 2023

作者： Baksi, Swapan Kumar Behera, Ranjan Kumar Muduli, Utkal Ranjan Indian Institute of Technology Patna Dept. of Electrical Engineering Patna India Khalifa University Apec Eecs Department Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates

ISBN: (纸本)9798350304732

In photovoltaic systems, the absence of a transformer in inverters offers advantages like cost-effectiveness, smaller form factor, and increased efficiency. This study introduces a five-stage, transformer-less boost inverter designed with a minimized number of switches, employing the switched-capacitor method. The configuration involves six electronic switches, a pair of diodes, and a single floating capacitor. To generate the necessary switching pulses, Sine pulse width modulation (PWM) combined with Level-shifted in-phase disposition carriers is utilized. The paper provides a theoretical elucidation of the five-level operational mechanism. Voltage balancing for the floating capacitor is inherently achieved without requiring additional circuits or logic. To validate the proposed design, simulation tests are carried out, examining output voltage and current profiles along with floating capacitor voltage. These evaluations, conducted using MATLAB/Simulink, further demonstrate the benefits of this inverter design when compared to similar existing models. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Photovoltaic pulse-width modulation Reduced Switch Count Switched-capacitor Transformerless Inverter

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Alternative Vector PWM for CSI Common-Mode Voltage Reduction During Voltage-Boost Operation with Low modulation Index

Alternative Vector PWM for CSI Common-Mode Voltage Reduction...

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2023 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2023

作者： Lee, Sangwhee Chen, Feida Jahns, Thomas M. Sarlioglu, Bulent University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering MadisonWI United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350316445

This paper proposes a new pulse-width modulation (PWM) scheme named alternative vector PWM (AVM) algorithm that reduces the common-mode voltage (vCM) generated by a 3-phase current source inverter (CSI) during operation within a portion of its voltage-boost regime when the CSI's modulation index is below 1/\sqrt 3 ( = 0.5774). Three different active current vector pairs (one conventional pair with adjacent active current vectors and two proposed pairs with non-adjacent active current vectors) are used to reduce vCM based on the CSI's output voltage conditions. Experimental results confirm significant reductions in major vCM spectral components by up to approx. 85% between the 3rd harmonic of the fundamental frequency and the CSI's PWM frequency, validating the advantages of the proposed AVM algorithm over the conventional PWM. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： common-mode voltage current source inverter pulse-width modulation space vector modulation

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