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Backscattering UWB/UHF hybrid solutions for multi-reader multi-tag passive RFID systems

EURASIP JOURNAL ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2016年第10期2016卷 1页

作者： Alesii, Roberto Di Marco, Piergiuseppe Santucci, Fortunato Savazzi, Pietro Valentini, Roberto Vizziello, Anna Univ Aquila Ctr Excellence DEWS Via Vetoio Snc I-67100 Laquila Italy Univ Pavia Dept Elect Comp & Biomed Engn Via Ferrata 5 I-27100 Pavia Italy

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is foreseen as a promising solution to overcome the limits of ultra-high frequency (UHF) techniques toward the development of green radio frequency identification (RFID) systems with low energy consumption and localization capabilities. While UWB techniques have been already employed for active tags, passive tags solutions are more appealing also due to their lower cost. With the fundamental requirement of maintaining backward compatibility in the RFID domain, we propose a hybrid UWB/UHF architecture to improve passive tag identification both in single-reader and multi-reader scenarios. We then develop two hybrid algorithms: the first one exploits the UWB signal to improve ISO/IEC 18000-6C UHF standard, while the other one exploits UWB to enhance a compressive sensing (CS) technique for tag identification in the multi-reader, multi-tag scenario. Both solutions are able to improve success rate and reading speed in the tag identification process and reduce the energy consumption. The multi-reader version of the proposed approaches is based on a cooperative scheme in order to manage reader-tag collisions and reader-reader collisions besides the typical tag-tag collisions. Furthermore, timing synchronization non-idealities are analyzed for the proposed solutions and simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the developed schemes.

关键词： RFID UWB Backscattering Multi-reader q-algorithm Compressive sensing

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Swiftq: A Time-Efficient RFID Collision Arbitration algorithm for Gen2-Based RFID Systems

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JOURNAL OF INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS 2024年第3期20卷 307-316页

作者： Lee, Donghwan Lee, Wonjun Korea Univ Sch Cybersecur Seoul South Korea Agcy Def Dev Cyber Technol Ctr Seoul South Korea

In the realm of large-scale identification deployments, the EPCglobal Class -1 Generation -2 (Gen2) standard serves as a cornerstone, facilitating rapid processing of numerous passive RFID tags. The q-algorithm has garnered considerable attention for its potential to markedly enhance the efficiency of Gen2-based RFID systems with minimal adjustments. This paper introduces a groundbreaking iteration of the q-algorithm, termed Time-Efficient q-algorithm (Swiftq), specifically designed to push the boundaries of time efficiency within Gen2-based RFID systems. Through exhaustive simulations, our study substantiates that Swiftq outperforms existing algorithms by a significant margin, demonstrating exceptional expediency that positions it as a formidable contender in the landscape of large-scale identification environments. By prioritizing time efficiency, Swiftq offers a promising solution to meet the escalating demands of contemporary Internet of Things applications, underscoring its potential to catalyze advancements in RFID technology for diverse industrial and logistical contexts.

关键词： Collision Arbitration Internet of Things RFID q-algorithm

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A reinforcement learning based fault diagnosis for Autoregressive-Moving-Average Model 43

A reinforcement learning based fault diagnosis for Autoregre...

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43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE-Industrial-Electronics-Society (IECON)

作者： Zhang, Dapeng Lin, Zhiling Fu, Yichuan Gao, Zhiwei Tianjin Univ Sch Elect Engn & Automat Tianjin Peoples R China Univ Northumbria Fac Engn & Environm Newcastle Upon Tyne Tyne & Wear England Tianjin Univ Technol Sch Elect Engn Tianjin Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538611272

In this paper, a reinforcement learning approach is proposed to detect unexpected faults, where the noise-to-signal ratio of the data series is minimized for achieving robustness. The model parameter is taken as a special action of the reinforcement learning, and the policy valuation and policy improvement are utilized to find the parameters, which can make the estimated model consistent to the real-time system process. Compared with the model forecasted parameters and real-time process parameters, fault diagnosis is implemented. The fault degrees are also discussed by analyzing the distance differences between the healthy parameters and faulty parameters. The effectiveness of algorithm is demonstrated by a numerical simulation example.

关键词： Fault detection and diagnose reinforcement learning q-algorithm

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Dynamic Frame Length Adaptation for Anti-Collision Management in Wi-Fi Backscatter System 6

Dynamic Frame Length Adaptation for Anti-Collision Managemen...

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6th International Conference on Platform Technology and Service (PlatCon)

作者： Kwon, Jung-Hyok Lee, Sang-Woo Kim, Eui-Jik Hallym Univ Sch Software Chunchon South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9781728112886

This paper presents a dynamic frame length adaptation (DFLA) for anti-collision management in Wi-Fi backscatter system, which reduces the collisions and access delay of the Wi-Fi backscatter tags. The q-algorithm of EPCglobal Gen2 specification adjusts the frame length (i.e., total number of slots in a frame) at the beginning of each frame, so that Wi-Fi backscatter tags have different access delays depending on the number of collisions. Thus, it is generally used for anti-collision management in Wi-Fi backscatter system. However, the existing q-algorithm may cause frequent collisions and long access delays since it uses the initial frame of fixed length and adjusts the frame length without considering the number of Wi-Fi backscatter tags. To address this problem, the DFLA dynamically determines the frame length at the beginning of each frame considering the number of Wi-Fi backscatter tags. Specifically, the DFLA estimates throughput for all the slot-count parameters (qs) in the range of [0, 15] taking into account the number of backscatter tags. Then, it determines the frame length by deciding the q that maximizes the throughput of Wi-Fi backscatter system. The simulation results show that the DFLA obtains a better performance than the existing q-algorithm management.

关键词： Anti-collision management EPCglobal Gen2 Frame length adaptation q-algorithm Wi-Fi backscatter

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Time Modeling with NS2 in UHF RFID Anti-Collision Protocols 32

Time Modeling with NS2 in UHF RFID Anti-Collision Protocols

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32nd IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA)

作者： Ben Fraj, Rahma Beroulle, Vincent Fourty, Nicolas Meddeb, Aref Univ Tunis EL Manar Natl Engn Sch Tunis Tunis Tunisia Univ Grenoble Alpes Grenoble INP LCIS F-26000 Valence France Univ Sousse NOCCS Natl Engn Sch Sousse Sousse Tunisia Univ Grenoble Alpes Inst Engn Grenoble France

ISBN: (纸本)9781538621950

In UHF RFID systems, many collisions happen due to the numerous tag responses generated by the inventory process. This is a serious worry faced by the RFID technology which can limit RFID system performances. As a matter of fact, the extra identification delays added by these collisions and the extra energy consumed can bring a waste of bandwidth to the interrogation process. Considering these collisions has been identified as a critical task in RFID systems. Indeed, the efficiency of tag identification is related to the performance of the algorithm of anti-collision, which is implemented on the tag and the reader. To evaluate this performance, an RFID module has already been developed in the NS2 Simulator. This NS2 RFID module implements an RFID system based on the q-algorithm of EPC global Radio-Frequency Identification Protocols Class-1 Generation-2 Standard ( EPC C1 Gen2). The focus of this module is the network layer and its mechanisms for anti-collision. In this paper, we propose an optimization of the time model of this NS2 RFID module. This optimization is based on the use of several slots time durations. First, we validate our RFID module model by simulation with NS2 and comparison with theoretical results. Secondly, we conduct a performance evaluation of two recent RFID anti-collision algorithms ( q+ and Split q-algorithm), evaluate their performances with this novel model and compared them to the q-algorithm of the EPC C1 Gen2 standard. By evaluating the performance of these protocols in our RFID module, we validate that the Split q-algorithm and the q+ minimize the q-algorithm identification time. Our new model much more realistic in terms of timing can be of great help in further investigating the performance of the q-algorithm and for actual UHF RFID systems performance analysis.

关键词： UHF RFID EPC Class 1 Gen2 Anti-collision q-algorithm Performance evaluation NS2

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A modified slotted random anti-collision algorithm for the EPCglobal UHF Class-1 Generation-2 standard 17

A modified slotted random anti-collision algorithm for the E...

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IEEE 17th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE)

作者： Wu, Yuliang Yao, Shuzhen Beijing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479979813

This paper proposes a modified slotted random anti-collision algorithm to improve the read efficiency of anti-collision algorithm for the EPCglobal UHF Class-1 Generation-2 RFID standard. In this standard, the slotted random anti-collision algorithm which is a dynamic frame slotted ALOHA algorithm is specified to solve this problem. Also, the q-algorithm with a key parameter C is adopted to dynamically adjust the frame sizes. In this paper, we reduce the total number of frames in the recognition process to reduce the total time by calculating the optimal q value and setting the lowest reasonable throughput. In the simulation, our method outperforms the original slotted random anti-collision algorithm by reducing total time about 30%.

关键词： slotted random anti-collision algorithm dynamic frame slotted ALOHA q-algorithm EPCglobal UHF Class-1 Generation-2

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An Evaluation of UHF RFID Anti-Collision Protocols With NS2 9

An Evaluation of UHF RFID Anti-Collision Protocols With NS2

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9th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS)

作者： Ben Fraj, Rahma Beroulle, Vincent Fourty, Nicolas Meddeb, Aref Univ Tunis EL Manar Natl Engn Sch Tunis Tunis Tunisia Univ Grenoble Alpes Grenoble INP LCIS Inst Engn F-26000 Valence France Univ Sousse Natl Engn Sch Sousse NOCCS Sousse Tunisia

ISBN: (纸本)9781538636626

Radio frequency identification (RFID) has become an enabling and a promising technology for the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its implementation. An RFID system front-end is composed of many tags that are identified by one or more readers. The significant issue in RFID system is how to limit the anti-collisions that occur between readers and tags when identifying and reading tags data. A Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA (DFSA) mechanism for UHF RFID passive tags was proposed by the EPC Global Class-1 Generation-2 standard (EPC C1 Gen2). In this mechanism the 'q- algorithm' is used to dynamically update the size of the frame based on the number of unidentified tags. Many researchers have evaluated the q-algorithm and proposed many enhancements to ameliorate it and to have better read performances. However, a design of an anticollision scheme plays a major role in determining a protocol performance. In order to measure a protocol performance, a variety of factors could be used. In this paper we have compared two recent enhancements of the q-algorithm with the original one used by the EPC Cl Gen2 standard. We have implemented protocols in NS2 simulator and conduct the comparison based on three factors which are system efficiency, collision ratio and the marginal identification cost. Not only the strengths and weaknesses of the protocols measured were shown by the results, but also the importance of evaluating all relevant performance factors was highlighted especially when comparing anti-collision protocols.

关键词： RFID Anti-Collision q-algorithm IoT Simulators Performance Evaluation NS2

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NqA: A Nested Anti-collision algorithm for RFID Systems

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON EMBEDDED COMPUTING SYSTEMS 2019年第4期18卷 32-32页

作者： Wang, Xiaokang Yang, Laurence T. Li, Hongguo Lin, Man Han, Jianjun Apduhan, Bernady O. Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Informat & Commun Engn Chengdu 611731 Sichuan Peoples R China St Francis Xavier Univ Dept Comp Sci Antigonish NS B2G 2W5 Canada Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Comp Sci & Technol Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China Kyushu Sangyo Univ Fac Sci & Engn Dept Informat Sci Fukuoka Fukuoka 8138503 Japan

Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, as one of the key components in the Internet of Things (IoT), have attracted much attention in the domains of industry and academia. In practice, the performance of RFID systems rather relies on the effectiveness and efficiency of anti-collision algorithms. A large body of studies have recently focused on the anti-collision algorithms, such as the q-algorithm (qA), which has been successfully utilized in EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 protocol. However, the performance of those anti-collision algorithms needs to be further improved. Observe that fully exploiting the pre-processing time can improve the efficiency of the qA algorithm. With an objective of improving the performance for anti-collision, we propose a Nested q-algorithm (NqA), which makes full use of such pre-processing time and incorporates the advantages of both Binary Tree (BT) algorithm and qA algorithm. Specifically, based on the expected number of collision tags, the NqA algorithm can adaptively select either BT or qA to identify collision tags. Extensive simulation results validate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed NqA (i.e., less running time for processing the same number of active tags) when compared to the existing algorithms.

关键词： RFID Anti-collision algorithm q-algorithm Binary tree algorithm

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FUZZY INFORMATION AND ENGINEERING 2009年第1期1卷 91-101页

作者： Zheng, Ya-Lin Cao, Bing-Yuan Yang, Guang Bai, Yong-Cheng Dongguan Univ Sci & Technol Fac Software Dept Comp Sci & Technol Res Ctr Intelligent Informat Technol Dongguan 523808 Peoples R China Guangzhou Univ Sch Math & Informat Sci Guangzhou Higher Educ Mega Ctr Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China Shanxi Univ Sci & Technol Inst Informat Sci Fac Math & Informat Sci Hanzhong 723001 Peoples R China

It can reflect the nature of approximate reasoning and meet more application expectations to design the approximate reasoning matching schemes and the corresponding algorithms with similarity relation q instead of equivalence relation R. In this paper, based on similarity relation q, we introduce type V matching scheme and corresponding approximate reasoning type V q-algorithm with the given input A* and knowledge A -> B. Besides, we present completeness of type V and its perfection on knowledge base K in q-logic C-q in this paper.

关键词： Approximate reasoning Formula mass Knowledge mass q-logic q-algorithm q-completeness

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