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Watermarking and Coefficient Scanning for Light Field Images in 4D-DCT Domain

IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 32467-32484页

作者： Ferreira, Felipe A. B. S. Lima, Juliano B. Univ Fed Pernambuco Dept Elect & Syst BR-50740550 Recife PE Brazil

Light field images have emerged as an important advance in the representation of visual data;at the same time, dealing with such images has brought new challenges related to multimedia transmission and security. In this article, we introduce a robust and blind scheme to watermark lenslet light field images. The method, which is based on quantization index modulation, allows to recover the watermark even after the image is submitted to compression in the 4D-DCT (four-dimensional discrete cosine transform) domain or other attacks. To achieve this, an empirical strategy for scanning the coefficients in the referred domain is also proposed;we demonstrate that, in general, such a strategy outperforms state-of-the-art methods whose purpose is to exploit the energy compacting property of the 4D-DCT. The introduced watermarking scheme has been evaluated using 30 light field images and several embedding / extracting parameters. The obtained results indicate that the watermark is satisfactorily imperceptible and confirm its robustness against various attacks.

关键词： Watermarking Arrays Discrete cosine transforms Two dimensional displays Image coding Robustness Light fields 4D-DCT light fields quantization index modulation watermarking

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Analysis of various data security techniques of steganography: A survey

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INFORMATION SECURITY JOURNAL 2021年第2期30卷 63-87页

作者： Dhawan, Sachin Gupta, Rashmi Ambedkar Inst Adv Commun Technol & Res Dept Elect & Commun Engn New Delhi India

The amount of data exchanged via the Internet is increasing nowadays. Hence, data security is termed as a serious issue while communication of data is processed over the Internet. Everyone needs their data to be safe during the process of communication. Steganography is the process of hiding a message, audio, image, or video by embedding it into another image, audio, message, or video. It is employed to protect secret data from malicious attacks. This paper presents a categorization of the steganography based on technical and non-technical steganography and also categorized based on its domain. Issues related to steganography are quality of stego images, payload capacity, mean square error, structural similarity (SSIM), Image Fidelity (IF), and Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC) and robustness. Researchers have already done commendable research in the area of image steganography. Still, it is important to feature the upsides and downsides of the current systems of steganography. The objective of the paper is to examine and scrutinize the different algorithms of steganography based on parameters like PSNR, MSE, and Robustness. Based on the analysis of these parameters and all the issues, this paper concludes with recommendations for producing high-quality stego images, high-payload capacity, and robust techniques of steganography.

关键词： Steganography Least Significant bit pixel value difference gray-level modification quantization index modulation discrete wavelet transform discrete cosine transform

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Robust image watermarking in DCT domain using optimal inter-block difference

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CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2023年第28期35卷 e7857-e7857页

作者： Kricha, Anis Kricha, Zied Sakly, Anis Univ Monastir Natl Sch Engineers Monastir Elect Dept Monastir Tunisia Univ Sousse Ecole Natl Ingn Sousse LATIS Lab Adv Technol & Intelligent Syst Sousse Tunisia Univ Monastir LAESE Lab Automat Elect Syst & Environm Monastir Tunisia

Robust watermarking provides valuable solutions to protect the copyright and secure digital images. In this paper, a robust and transparent watermarking scheme in the discrete cosine transform (DCT) domain is presented. The watermark is embedded into the difference of two adjacent DCT coefficients located at the same frequency. The embedding process involves optimal selection of adjacent blocks and DCT coefficients positions. For a given DCT block, the optimal selection is to find the coefficient with the lowest DCT frequency that requires the minimal variation to represent the target watermark bit. To insert the watermark, a new quantization index modulation (QIM) based method with irregular distance between continuous quantizers is employed. The performance of the proposed scheme was extensively evaluated using 12 benchmark images and a total of more than 90 attacks per image grouped into nine attack types including JPEG compression, filtering and noise contamination. Furthermore, robustness comparison with state-of-the-art works was conducted, and the results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme in terms of imperceptibility and robustness.

关键词： discrete cosine transform inter-block correlation quantization index modulation robust watermarking

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A Low Distortion and Steganalysis-resistant Reversible Data Hiding for 2D Engineering Graphics

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING COMMUNICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2023年第2期19卷 53-53页

作者： Peng, Fei Jiang, Wenyan Long, Min Guangzhou Univ Guangzhou Higher Educ Mega Ctr 230 Wai Huan Xi Rd Guangzhou 510006 Guangdong Peoples R China Hunan Univ Lushan Nan Rd Changsha 410082 Hunan Peoples R China Changsha Univ Sci & Technol 960 Wanjiali South Rd Changsha 410114 Peoples R China

To reduce the distortion resulting from the large number of crossing quantization cells and resist steganalysis, a reversible data hiding scheme for 2D engineering graphics is put forward based on reversible dual-direction quantization index modulation (RDQIM). The quantization cell index of the host data is first computed, and its distances to the embedding cells in both the left and the right directions are calculated. After that, the data hiding is performed by modifying the data to the nearest embedding cell. To guarantee the reversibility, each quantization cell is further subdivided into three sub-cells, and the source quantization interval of the host data is marked by the index of the located sub-cell. The data extraction is accomplished by calculating the index of the quantization cell where the stego data is in. Meanwhile, the lossless recovery of the stego data is realized by combining the index of the located sub-cell and the relative distance within the sub-cell. Besides, different embedding strategies are adopted for different types of entities to achieve steganalysis-resistant ability. Experimental results and analysis show that the proposed scheme can strike a good balance among imperceptibility, semi-fragility, and steganalysis-resistant ability. Moreover, under the same conditions, the average imperceptibility and the average capacity are, respectively, improved by at least 7.487% and 41.045% compared with the existing methods.

关键词： Steganalysis-resistant data hiding quantization index modulation reversible data hiding 2D engineering graphics

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Audio watermarking based on quantization index modulation using combined perceptual masking

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2012年第3期59卷 921-939页

作者： Singh, Jyotsna Garg, Parul De, Alok Nath Netaji Subhas Inst Technol Div Elect & Commun Engn New Delhi 110075 India ST Ericsson India SMIEEE Greater Noida 201308 UP India

In this paper, a robust audio watermarking scheme for MPEG-1/ Audio Layer II compressed domain is proposed. The scheme is implemented by modifying the subband coefficients using adaptive quantization index modulation. The watermarking procedure exploits perceptual frequency and temporal masking of the human auditory system (HAS) of MPEG coder to satisfy the requirements of robustness, security and transparency. This reduces the computational complexity of proposed scheme. The paper investigates the use of elevated masking threshold to improve detection and achieve higher robustness against re-encoding and awgn attacks. Experimental results show that high capacity of 6,840 bps with ODG -0.5 without altering the MPEG/audio bitrate.

关键词： Digital audio watermarking Masking threshold quantization index modulation Subbands

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Comparison of Forbidden Zone Data Hiding and quantization index modulation

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DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 2012年第1期22卷 181-189页

作者： Esen, Ersin Alatan, A. Aydin ODTU TUBITAK UZAY TR-06531 Ankara Turkey METU Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-06531 Ankara Turkey Rensselaer Polytech Inst Ctr Image Proc Res Troy NY USA New Jersey Inst Technol New Jersey Ctr Multimedia Res Newark NJ 07102 USA

Developing practical data hiding schemes that approach theoretical steganographic capacity limits is still a challenging research area. In this aspect, this problem is approached from a different perspective by proposing a novel method that relies on the newly introduced forbidden zone concept, which is defined as the host signal range, where no alterations are allowed. The proposed method, Forbidden Zone Data Hiding (FZDH), combines the forbidden zone with binning schemes and it is formulated both in general and simple parametric forms. This novel scheme is compared against the canonical binning-based data hiding schemes, such as QIM and DC-QIM, empirically, as well as in a theoretical framework. The results indicate that FZDH outperforms QIM, whereas performing competitive with DC-QIM. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Data hiding Digital watermarking quantization index modulation Distortion Compensated quantization index modulation Scalar Costa Scheme Forbidden zone

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Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform-Based Color Image Watermarking Method Using Quaternion QR Decomposition

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 72308-72315页

作者： Li, Mianjie Yuan, Xiaochen Chen, Hai Li, Jianqing Macau Univ Sci & Technol Fac Informat Technol Taipa Macao Peoples R China Zhuhai MUST Sci Res Acad Zhuhai 519000 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Informat Sci & Technol Zhuhai 519000 Peoples R China

In this paper, a new Quaternion Discrete Fourier Transform (QDFT)-based digital color image watermarking method is presented. In addition, the Quaternion QR (QQR) decomposition is applied in digital watermarking technology for the first time. First of all, the QDFT and QQR decomposition are performed on the host image, respectively, to acquire the scalar part of the quaternion matrix for watermark information embedding. After that, we divide the scalar part of the quaternion matrix generated by the QQR decomposition into blocks and calculate the entropy. The block with high entropy is selected to embed the watermark information. Then the watermark information is embedded into the extracted block using the quantization index modulation method. We conducted a large number of tests and experimental results indicate that the presented approach obtains excellent robustness against Scaling, Rotation, Median filtering, & x2018;Salt & x0026;Pepper & x2019;noise, and JPEG Compression. Compared with the existing methods, the presented method achieves better performance.

关键词： Watermarking Quaternions Matrix decomposition Entropy Transforms Color Data mining Watermarking technology quaternion discrete Fourier transform (QDFT) quaternion QR (QQR) decomposition quantization index modulation scalar part

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Multipurpose watermarking scheme via intelligent method and chaotic map

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2019年第19期78卷 27085-27107页

作者： Lei, Baiying Zhao, Xin Lei, Haijun Ni, Dong Chen, Siping Zhou, Feng Wang, Tianfu Shenzhen Univ Sch Biomed Engn Natl Reg Key Technol Engn Lab Med Ultrasound Guangdong Key Lab Biomed Measurements & Ultrasoun Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Shenzhen Univ Coll Comp Sci & Technol Shenzhen Peoples R China Georgia Inst Technol George W Woodruff Sch Mech Engn 813 Ferst Dr NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA

In this paper, we propose a novel multipurpose intelligent image watermarking scheme for both content authentication and copyright protection. To achieve this, we first utilize integer discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) for watermark insertion and detection. The low frequency component of IDWT is used to insert a robust watermark (e.g., the copyright information) for copyright protection, whereas the high frequency component of IDWT is used to embed a fragile watermark (e.g., the logo data) for content authentication. To achieve a good tradeoff among the watermark conflicting requirements (e.g., robustness, fidelity and capacity), we develop an artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for optimal parameter selection. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves promising performance in both copyright protection and content authentication simultaneously, which confirm the superiority of our proposed algorithm as compared to existing methods.

关键词： Image watermark Artificial bee algorithm Multipurpose quantization index modulation

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Robust image watermarking using sample area quantization

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2019年第24期78卷 34963-34980页

作者： Toosi, Ramin Sadeghi, Mohammadreza Akhaee, Mohammad Ali Univ Tehran Sch Elect & Comp Engn Coll Engn Tehran Iran

Digital watermarking is a way to protect the intellectual property of digital media. Among different algorithms, quantization index modulation (QIM) is one of the popular methods in designing a watermark system. In this paper, a sample area quantization method is proposed for robust watermarking of digital images. First, the samples of the host signal form a polygon and low frequency wavelet coefficients of the carrier image is considered as the host sample. A watermark digit is embedded by quantizing the area of the polygon. Then, in order to minimize the distortion, the watermarked samples are obtained as close as possible to the host samples by solving an optimization problem while maintaining the quantized area at its fixed value. The optimization problem is solved using the gradient descend method. Finally, a maximum likelihood detector is designed to extract the watermark digits, assuming a Gaussian distribution for the host signal samples. The performance of the proposed method is theoretically obtained in terms of error probability in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. Theoretical results are verified using simulation with artificial signals. The proposed method is compared to the state-of-the-art method under different attacks including: noise addition, JPEG compression, filtering, and geometrical attacks. The results confirm that the proposed method outperforms the other ones in terms of error probability against different attacks. The results also show that in the trade-off between robustness, distortion and capacity, by decreasing capacity the two other factors could be improved simultaneously.

关键词： Digital image watermarking Area quantization Maximum likelihood detector quantization index modulation Gradient descend

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Robust and Secure Data Hiding for PDF Text Document

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2019年第1期E102D卷 41-47页

作者： Kuribayashi, Minoru Fukushima, Takuya Funabiki, Nobuo Okayama Univ Grad Sch Nat Sci & Technol Okayama 7008530 Japan

The spaces between words and paragraphs are popular places for embedding data in data hiding techniques for text documents. Due to the low redundancy in text documents, the payload is limited to be small. As each bit of data is independently inserted into specific spaces in conventional methods, a malicious party may be able to modify the data without causing serious visible distortions. In this paper, we regard a collection of space lengths as a one-dimensional feature vector and embed watermark into its frequency components. To keep the secrecy of the embedded information, a random permutation and dither modulation are introduced in the operation. Furthermore, robustness against additive noise is enhanced by controlling the payload. In the proposed method, through experiments, we evaluated the trade-off among payload, distortion, and robustness.

关键词： portable document format quantization index modulation dither modulation permutation

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