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Neighbor-index-division steganography based on QIM method for G.723.1 speech streams

JOURNAL OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE AND HUMANIZED COMPUTING 2016年第1期7卷 139-147页

作者： Liu, Jin Tian, Hui Lu, Jing Chen, Yonghong Natl Huaqiao Univ Coll Comp Sci & Technol Xiamen 361021 Fujian Peoples R China Natl Huaqiao Univ Dept Informat Syst Xiamen 361021 Fujian Peoples R China

quantization index modulation (QIM) is a commonly used steganography method exploiting redundancy in codebook quantization procedure of signal encoding. The feasibility of steganography based on QIM depends on codebook division algorithm which mainly determines embedding capacity, latency and complexity of embedding and extracting algorithm. A novel neighborindex-division (NID) codebook division method with a simple and more security implementation for G.723.1 speech streams is proposed. Differing from existing complementary neighbor vertices (CNV) algorithm, NID divides neighbor-indexed codewords into separated subcodebooks (partitions) combined with a suitable stego coding strategy. Moreover, NID method makes multiple division (k sub-codebooks, k >= 3) for one single codebook possible, thus increases embedding capacity. To take full advantage of the partitions especially for odd-numbered division, multi-ary coding strategy is introduced in embedding and extracting procedures. Experimental results demonstrate that proposed method has almost the same distortion compared with CNV in binary division condition but a much easier implementation and introduces flexible multiple division methods which is more suitable for practical covert communication applications. Further, by applying a commonly used COV(1, 3, 2) stego coding strategy, NID is able to resist the state-of-art steganalysis towards QIM with a still practical embedding rate.

关键词： quantization index modulation Complementary neighbor vertices Speech steganography G.723.1 speech streams Voice over IP

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Joint-channel modeling to attack QIM steganography

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2016年第21期75卷 13585-13611页

作者： Malik, Hafiz Subbalakshmi, K. P. Chandramouli, R. Univ Michigan Elect & Comp Engn Dept Dearborn MI 48128 USA Stevens Inst Technol Elect & Comp Engn Dept Hoboken NJ 07030 USA

This paper presents a statistical steganalysis framework to attack quantization index modulation (QIM) based steganography. The quantization process is generally modeled as an additive noise channel. The proposed method exploits the fact that plainquantization (quantization without message embedding) decreases local-randomness (or increases local-correlation) in the resulting quantized image. Moreover, QIM-stego image exhibits relatively higher level of local-randomness than the corresponding quantized-cover, though both are obtained using same set of parameters. The local-randomness (or interblock correlation) of the test-image is used to capture traces left behind by quantization. A parametric model is developed to characterize channel-dependent local-randomness. Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) framework is used to estimate parameters of the distribution of local-randomness mask. Distributions of parameters, estimated from the quantized-cover and the QIM-stego images, are used to characterize quantization with and without message embedding. To investigate variations in the estimated parameters as a function of frequency, inter-(variations within each channel(or subband)) and intra-channel (across all channels), joint-channel modeling and single-channel modeling, respectively, is considered. For each approach, a set of parametric detectors based on generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is used to distinguish between the cover-and the stego-images. To improve detection accuracy, decisions from both detectors are fused to generate the final stego-detection decision. Effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated using a dataset consisting of over 35000 test-images obtained from 880 uncompressed natural images. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can successfully detect QIMstego images with very low false rates. In addition, performance comparison with existing state-of-the-art also shows that the proposed method performs significantly supe

关键词： Steganography Steganalysis quantization index modulation Maximum likelihood estimation Generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) Joint-channel modeling

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Labelling bins for lattice quantization index modulation

Labelling bins for lattice quantization index modulation

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Conference on Optics, Photonics, and Digital Technologies for Multimedia Applications

作者： Bardyn, Dieter Dooms, Ann Munteanu, Adrian Schelkens, Peter Vrije Univ Brussel Interdisciplinary Inst Broadband Technol IBBT Brussels Belgium

ISBN: (纸本)9780819481962

In this paper, the effect of binary labelling bins for lattice quantization index modulation techniques is studied. The problem can be solved in one dimension using Gray codes but it is not straightforward for higher dimensions due to more directionality. We show the impact of different labellings on the overall performance of two-dimensional lattice quantization index modulation watermarking systems. Heuristically, we present solutions for these systems, where our analysis includes (1) robustness tests against JPEG and JPEG 2000 compression and (2) transmission over an AWGN channel.

关键词： watermarking labelling bins quantization index modulation

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DC-QIM based image watermarking method via the contourlet transform

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JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2016年第3期16卷 459-468页

作者： Chao, Zhou Civil Aviat Flight Univ China CAAC Acad Flight Technol & Safety Guanghan 618307 Sichuan Peoples R China

In recent years, many works on digital image watermarking have been proposed all aiming at protection of the copyright of an image document or authentication of data. In this paper, to serve the purpose of copyright protection and integrity verification of image, an improved distortion-compensated quantization index modulation image watermarking algorithm is presented based on quantization index modulation (QIM) and contourlet transform technology. Since human visual system is less sensitive to the image edges, watermarking is applied in the contourlet domain, which represents image edges sparsely. Its improved robustness is due to embedding in the directional sub-band with the highest energy and optimal control of its quantization scalar factor. With blind detection in mind, in the proposed watermark decoding scheme, the bit error probability of proposed method is analytically calculated and verified by simulation. Results of performed experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is robust against JPEG compression, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), Median filtering and scaling attack, etc.

关键词： Image watermarking distortion-compensated quantization index modulation contourlet transform quantization index modulation

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Improved quantization index modulation Based Watermarking Integrated to JPEG2000 Coding Scheme

Improved Quantization Index Modulation Based Watermarking In...

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Conference on Visual Information Processing and Communication

作者： Zaid, Azza Ouled Makhloufi, Achraf Olivier, Christian Tunisian Natl Engn Sch SysCom Lab BP 37 Belvedere Tunis 1002 Tunisia Poitiers Univ UMR CNRS 6172 SIC Dept XLIMSP2MI F-86962 Futuroscope France

ISBN: (纸本)9780819479365

In recent years it has been recognized that embedding information in wavelet transform domain leads to more robust watermarks. In particular, several approaches have been proposed to address the problem of watermark embedding combined to wavelet based image coding. In this paper, we present an alternative to quantization based blind watermarking strategy in the framework of JPEG2000 still image compression. The central contribution is the proposal of modified quantization index modulation watermark design to reduce fidelity problem. We also show that the proposed watermarking scheme exhibits a high robustness with respect to JPEG2000 compression and Gaussian noise attacks. After detailing the proposed solution, system performance on image quality as well as robustness will be evaluated.

关键词： Wavelet transform JPEG2000 compression blind watermarking quantization index modulation

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ECG Steganography Using Contourlet Transform For Transmission of Secured Patient Identity 1

ECG Steganography Using Contourlet Transform For Transmissio...

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1st Singapore-Cybersecurity R and D Conference (SG-CRC)

作者： Sam Jeeva Raj, Edward Jero Ramu, Palaniappan Indian Inst Technol Madras Dept Engn Design Madras Tamil Nadu India

ISBN: (纸本)9781614996170;9781614996163

ECG steganography hides patient data inside their ECG signal to ensure the protection of patient's identity. In this work, an attempt has been made to evaluate ECG Steganography where quantization index modulation (QIM) method is used to embed patient data into the Contourlet transform coefficients of ECG image. Tompkins QRS detection algorithm is used to construct ECG image and which is decomposed into a series of multiscale, local and directional image expansion using contour segments. QIM scheme is applied on the appropriate coefficients of the selected frequency sub-bands. QIM divides the selected frequency sub-bands into non overlapping blocks of matrix size 2x2. Two quantizers are used to embed binary watermark 0 and 1. The reverse Contourlet transform provides the watermarked ECG image from which 1D stego-ECG signal is re-ordered. The proposed scheme retrieves the watermark without the need of cover image. The deterioration due to the modified coefficients are reduced using adaptive selection of a coefficient to hide watermark bit. The efficiency of ECG steganography is measured using imperceptibility of watermark and Bit Error Rate of the retrieved watermark. Similarity metrics such as Peak Signal to Noise ratio, Percentage Residual Difference and Kullback-Leibler distance are used to estimate the imperceptibility of watermark on the stego-ECG signal. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach provides higher imperceptibility and less Bit Error Rate in the retrieved watermark, which is closed to zero. ECG signals obtained from MIT-BIH normal sinus rhythm data base are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed ECG Steganography approach.

关键词： ECG steganography ECG image quantization index modulation Watermarking Performance metrics

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Schur Decomposition Based Robust Watermarking Algorithm in Contourlet Domain 2nd

Schur Decomposition Based Robust Watermarking Algorithm in C...

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2nd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Security (ICCCS)

作者： Wang, Junxiang Liu, Ying Jingdezhen Ceram Inst Sch Mech & Elect Engn Jiangxi 333403 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Informat Sci & Technol Sch Comp & Software Jiangsu 210000 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783319486710;9783319486703

Most of the existing watermarking schemes utilized SVD decomposition to embed watermark, which lead to a high computational complexity and incidental the false positive detection problem. Therefore, this paper provides a robust copyright protection scheme based on a simple decomposition scheme (schur decomposition) and quantization index modulation (QIM) in Contourlet domain. In addition, some stable features are acquired by using schur decomposition in the Contourlet domain. Consequently, the watermark is embedded into those stable features with QIM method. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has some superiorities in terms of robustness and imperceptibility, which could against most common attacks such as JPEG compression, filtering, cropping, noise adding and so on.

关键词： Robust watermarking Schur decomposition Contourlet transform quantization index modulation

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Semi-fragile digital speech watermarking for online speaker recognition

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON AUDIO SPEECH AND MUSIC PROCESSING 2015年第1期2015卷 1页

作者： Nematollahi, Mohammad Ali Akhaee, Mohammad Ali Al-Haddad, S. A. R. Gamboa-Rosales, Hamurabi Univ Putra Malaysia Fac Engn Dept Comp & Commun Syst Engn Upm Serdang 43400 Selangor Darul Malaysia Univ Tehran Coll Engn Dept Elect & Comp Engn Tehran Iran Autonomous Univ Zacatecas Fac Elect Engn Zacatecas Mexico

In this paper, a semi-fragile and blind digital speech watermarking technique for online speaker recognition systems based on the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) and quantization index modulation (QIM) has been proposed that enables embedding of the watermark within an angle of the wavelet's sub-bands. To minimize the degradation effects of the watermark, these sub-bands were selected from frequency ranges where little speaker-specific information was available (500-3500 Hz and 6000-7000 Hz). Experimental results on the TIMIT, MIT, and MOBIO speech databases show that the degradation results for speaker verification and identification are 0.39 and 0.97 %, respectively, which are negligible. In addition, the proposed watermark technique can provide the appropriate fragility required for different signal processing operations.

关键词： Digital speech watermarking Online speaker recognition Discrete wavelet packet transform quantization index modulation

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Wavelet-based high-capacity watermarking of 3-D irregular meshes

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2015年第15期74卷 5897-5915页

作者： Zaid, A. Ouled Hachani, M. Puech, W. Univ Tunis El Manar Natl Engn Sch Tunis SysCom Lab Tunis 1002 Tunisia CNRS UMR 5506 LIRMM Lab F-34095 Montpellier 5 France

Digital watermarking can be used as data hiding technique to interleave cover content with auxiliary information before transmitting and storing applications. While image and video watermarking has been widely studied, much less attention has been paid to its application in 3D mesh models. This is principally due to their intrinsic irregular sampling nature. This paper proposes a high-capacity watermarking scheme for the purpose of inserting meta-data into 3D triangle meshes. Our proposal can be applied to meshes with arbitrary topology by using irregular wavelet-based analysis. The watermark is embedded in an appropriate resolution level by quantizing the norms of wavelet coefficient vectors. To ensure robustness to similarity transformation, a robust synchronization (indexing) mechanism is performed on the 3D model after irregular wavelet analysis. Experimental results show that our watermarking framework is robust to common geometric attacks and can provide relatively high data embedding rate whereas keep a relative lower distortion.

关键词： Three-dimensional meshes Watermarking Wavelet transform quantization index modulation

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Discrete Multiwavelet-Based Video Watermarking Scheme Using SURF

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ETRI JOURNAL 2015年第3期37卷 595-605页

作者： Narkedamilly, Leelavathy Evani, Venkateswara Prasad Samayamantula, Srinivas Kumar Jawaharlal Nehru Technol Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Kakinada Andhra Pradesh India Jawaharlal Nehru Technol Univ Dept Elect & Commun Engn Kakinada Andhra Pradesh India

This paper proposes a robust, imperceptible block-based digital video watermarking algorithm that makes use of the Speeded Up Robust Feature (SURF) technique. The SURF technique is used to extract the most important features of a video. A discrete multiwavelet transform (DMWT) domain in conjunction with a discrete cosine transform is used for embedding a watermark into feature blocks. The watermark used is a binary image. The proposed algorithm is further improved for robustness by an error-correction code to protect the watermark against bit errors. The same watermark is embedded temporally for every set of frames of an input video to improve the decoded watermark correlation. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DMWT domain video watermarking using SURF features is robust against common image processing attacks, motion JPEG2000 compression, frame averaging, and frame swapping attacks. The quality of a watermarked video under the proposed algorithm is high, demonstrating the imperceptibility of an embedded watermark.

关键词： Discrete multiwavelet transform Speeded Up Robust Feature motion JPEG2000 compression quantization index modulation watermarking digital cinema

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