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4th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on quantum Software Engineering (Q-SE)

作者： Xia, Shangzhou Zhao, Jianjun Kyushu Univ Fukuoka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350301809

quantum entanglement plays a crucial role in quantum computing. Entangling information has important implications for understanding the behavior of quantum programs and avoiding entanglement-induced errors. Entanglement analysis is a static code analysis technique that determines which qubit may entangle with another qubit and establishes an entanglement graph to represent the whole picture of interactions between entangled qubits. This paper presents the first static entanglement analysis method for quantum programs developed in the practical quantum programming language Q#. Our method first constructs an interprocedural control flow graph (ICFG) for a Q# program and then calculates the entanglement information not only within each module but also between modules of the program. The analysis results can help improve the reliability and security of quantum programs.

关键词： entanglement analysis quantum programming Q#

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QChecker: Detecting Bugs in quantum Programs via Static Analysis 4

QChecker: Detecting Bugs in Quantum Programs via Static Anal...

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4th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on quantum Software Engineering (Q-SE)

作者： Zhao, Pengzhan Wu, Xiongfei Li, Zhuo Zhao, Jianjun Kyushu Univ Grad Sch Fukuoka Japan Kyushu Univ Fac Informat Sci & Elect Engn Fukuoka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350301809

Static analysis is the process of analyzing software code without executing the software. It can help find bugs and potential problems in software that may only appear at runtime. Although many static analysis tools have been developed for classical software, due to the nature of quantum programs, these existing tools are unsuitable for analyzing quantum programs. This paper presents QChecker, a static analysis tool that supports finding bugs in quantum programs in Qiskit. QChecker consists of two main modules: a module for extracting program information based on abstract syntax tree (AST), and a module for detecting bugs based on patterns. We evaluate the performance of QChecker using the Bugs4Q benchmark. The evaluation results show that QChecker can effectively detect various bugs in quantum programs.

关键词： quantum programming static analysis software testing program debugging Qiskit

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Tower: Data Structures in quantum Superposition

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON programming LANGUAGES-PACMPL 2022年第OOPSLA期6卷 259–288页

作者： Yuan, Charles Carbin, Michael MIT CSAIL 32 Vassar St Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Emerging quantum algorithms for problems such as element distinctness, subset sum, and closest pair demonstrate computational advantages by relying on abstract data structures. Practically realizing such an algorithm as a program for a quantum computer requires an efficient implementation of the data structure whose operations correspond to unitary operators that manipulate quantum superpositions of data. To correctly operate in superposition, an implementation must satisfy three properties D reversibility, history independence, and bounded-time execution. Standard implementations, such as the representation of an abstract set as a hash table, fail these properties, calling for tools to develop specialized implementations. In this work, we present Core Tower, the first language for quantum programming with random-access memory. Core Tower enables the developer to implement data structures as pointer-based, linked data. It features a reversible semantics enabling every valid program to be translated to a unitary quantum circuit. We present Boson, the first memory allocator that supports reversible, history-independent, and constant-time dynamic memory allocation in quantum superposition. We also present Tower, a language for quantum programming with recursively defined data structures. Tower features a type system that bounds all recursion using classical parameters as is necessary for a program to execute on a quantum computer. Using Tower, we implement Ground, the first quantum library of data structures, including lists, stacks, queues, strings, and sets. We provide the first executable implementation of sets that satisfies all three mandated properties of reversibility, history independence, and bounded-time execution.

关键词： quantum programming data structures quantum random-access memory reversible programming history independence

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Twist: Sound Reasoning for Purity and Entanglement in quantum Programs

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM ON programming LANGUAGES-PACMPL 2022年第POPL期6卷 1–32页

作者： Yuan, Charles McNally, Christopher Carbin, Michael MIT CSAIL 32 Vassar St Cambridge MA 02139 USA MIT RLE 32 Vassar St Cambridge MA 02139 USA

quantum programming languages enable developers to implement algorithms for quantum computers that promise computational breakthroughs in classically intractable tasks. programming quantum computers requires awareness of entanglement, the phenomenon in which measurement outcomes of qubits are correlated. Entanglement can determine the correctness of algorithms and suitability of programming patterns. In this work, we formalize purity as a central tool for automating reasoning about entanglement in quantum programs. A pure expression is one whose evaluation is unaffected by the measurement outcomes of qubits that it does not own, implying freedom from entanglement with any other expression in the computation. We present Twist, the first language that features a type system for sound reasoning about purity. The type system enables the developer to identify pure expressions using type annotations. Twist also features purity assertion operators that state the absence of entanglement in the output of quantum gates. To soundly check these assertions, Twist uses a combination of static analysis and runtime verification. We evaluate Twist's type system and analyses on a benchmark suite of quantum programs in simulation, demonstrating that Twist can express quantum algorithms, catch programming errors in them, and support programs that existing languages disallow, while incurring runtime verification overhead of less than 3.5%.

关键词： quantum programming entanglement purity type systems

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Extending Python for quantum-classical Computing via quantum Just-in-time Compilation

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON quantum COMPUTING 2022年第4期3卷 1–25页

作者： Nguyen, Thien Mccaskey, Alexander J. Oak Ridge Natl Lab Comp Sci & Math Div Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA

Python is a popular programming language known for its flexibility, usability, readability, and focus on developer productivity. The quantum software community has adopted Python on a number of large-scale efforts due to these characteristics, as well as the remote nature of near-term quantum processors. The use of Python has enabled quick prototyping for quantum code that directly benefits pertinent research and development efforts in quantum scientific computing. However, this rapid prototyping ability comes at the cost of future performant integration for tightly coupled CPU-QPU architectures with fast-feedback. Here, we present a language extension to Python that enables heterogeneous quantum-classical computing via a robust C++ infrastructure for quantum just-in-time (QJIT) compilation. Our work builds off the QCOR C++ language extension and compiler infrastructure to enable a single-source, quantum hardware-agnostic approach to quantum-classical computing that retains the performance required for tightly coupled CPU-QPU compute models. We detail this Python extension, its programming model and underlying software architecture, and provide a robust set of examples to demonstrate the utility of our approach.

关键词： quantum computing compilers domain specific languages quantum programming

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quantum Vs Classical Computing: a Comparative Analysis 7

Quantum Vs Classical Computing: a Comparative Analysis

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7th International Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC)

作者： Belkhir, Maria Benkaouha, Haroun Benkhelifa, Elhadj USTHB Univ LSI Lab Comp Sci Fac Algiers Algeria Staffordshire Univ Smart Syst AI& Cybersecur Res Ctr Stoke On Trent England

ISBN: (纸本)9798350334524

Despite the significant technological advancements, the amount of data to be processed remains enormous, and certain problems remain unsolved or take millions of years to be solved. The advent of quantum computing, with its unique properties, represents a pivotal point in the technological world. Although quantum computers are still under development in the laboratories, research is progressing in parallel with the aim of creating a good basis for any contribution in order to be ready for the commercialization of the first computer. This article clarifies the essential basics required before entering the quantum realm. We present the basic properties of quantum computing based on four fondations and their differences from classical computing.

关键词： quantum Computing quantum algorithmic quantum networking quantum programming quantum databases qubits

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A Guide for quantum Web Services Deployment 22nd

A Guide for Quantum Web Services Deployment

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22nd International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE)

作者： Alvarado-Valiente, Jaime Romero-Alvarez, Javier Garcia-Alonso, Jose Murillo, Juan M. Univ Extremadura Quercus Software Engn Grp Escuela Politecn Av Univ S-N Caceres 10003 Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9783031099175;9783031099168

quantum computing is a new paradigm for solving problems that classical computers cannot reach. To the point that it is already generating interest in the scientific and industrial communities. Currently, quantum computers and technology are being developed to support the execution of quantum software. Several large computer companies have already built functional quantum computers, and developed several programming languages and quantum simulators that can be used by the general public. All this infrastructure for quantum computing is offered to quantum developers through the cloud, following a model similar to the familiar Infrastructure as a Service. However, due to the early stages of quantum computing taking advantage of the capabilities of these computers requires a very in depth knowledge of quantum programming and quantum hardware that is far from what cloud developers are used to in classical cloud offerings. Although the future of quantum computing is still unknown, it is highly certain that there must be a time when quantum computing coexists with classical computing. At the same time, one of the most well-known and tested solutions for the communication of heterogeneous computing systems are web services. In this tutorial we will offer an introductory view on how quantum algorithms can be converted into web services, how this web services can be deployed, using the Amazon Braket platform for quantum computing, and invoked through classical web services endpoints. Finally, we will propose a way in which a disadvantage of current quantum computers in terms of web services can be transformed into an advantage for web services through the use of a quantum API Gateway.

关键词： quantum software development quantum web services quantum programming

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Extending C++ for Heterogeneous quantum-Classical Computing

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON quantum COMPUTING 2021年第2期2卷 1–36页

作者： Mccaskey, Alexander Nguyen, Thien Santana, Anthony Claudino, Daniel Kharazi, Tyler Finkel, Hal Oak Ridge Natl Lab 1 Bethel Valley Rd Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA Argonne Natl Lab 1 Thorvald Circle Lemont IL USA

We present qcor-a language extension to C++ and compiler implementation that enables heterogeneous quantum-classical programming, compilation, and execution in a single-source context. Our work provides a first-of-its-kind C++ compiler enabling high-level quantum kernel (function) expression in a quantum-language agnostic manner, as well as a hardware-agnostic, retargetable compiler workflow targeting a number of physical and virtual quantum computing backends. qcor leverages novel Clang plugin interfaces and builds upon the XACC system-level quantum programming framework to provide a state-of-the-art integration mechanism for quantum-classical compilation that leverages the best from the community at-large. qcor translates quantum kernels ultimately to the XACC intermediate representation, and provides user-extensible hooks for quantum compilation routines like circuit optimization, analysis, and placement. This work details the overall architecture and compiler workflow for qcor, and provides a number of illuminating programming examples demonstrating its utility for near-term variational tasks, quantum algorithm expression, and feed-forward error correction schemes.

关键词： quantum computing compilers domain specific languages quantum programming

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Abstract interpretation, Hoare logic, and incorrectness logic for quantum programs

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INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION 2023年第1期294卷

作者： Feng, Yuan Li, Sanjiang Univ Technol Sydney Ctr Quantum Software & Informat Ultimo Australia

interpretation, Hoare logic, and incorrectness (or reverse Hoare) logic are powerful techniques for static analysis of computer programs. They have all been successfully extended to the quantum setting, but developed largely in parallel. This paper explores the relationship between these techniques in the context of verifying quantum whileprograms, where the abstract domain and the set of assertions for quantum states are wellstructured. We show that any complete quantum abstract interpretation induces a quantum Hoare logic and a quantum incorrectness logic, both being sound and relatively complete. Moreover, the induced logic systems operate in a forward manner, making them more suitable for certain applications. Conversely, any sound and relatively complete quantum Hoare logic or incorrectness logic induces a complete quantum abstract interpretation. As an application, we show the non-existence of any sound and relatively complete quantum Hoare logic or incorrectness logic if tuples of local subspaces are taken as assertions. & COPY;2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： quantum programming Abstract interpretation Incorrectness logic

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Structured Theorem for quantum Programs and its Applications

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND METHODOLOGY 2023年第4期32卷 103-103页

作者： Yu, Nengkun SUNY Stony Brook Dept Comp Sci 100 Nicolls Rd Stony Brook NY 11794 USA Univ Technol Sydney Ctr Quantum Software & Informat Sydney NSW Australia

This article proves a structured program theorem for flowchart quantum programs. The theorem states that any flowchart quantum program is equivalent to a single quantum program that repeatedly executes a quantum measurement and a subprogram, so long as the measurement outcome is true. Moreover, their expected runtime, variance, and general moments are the same. This theorem simplifies the quantum program's verification significantly. - We derive an analytical characterization of the termination problem for quantum programs in polynomial time. Our procedure is more efficient and accurate with much simpler techniques than the analysis of this problem, as described in [29]. - We compute the expected runtime analytically and exactly for quantum programs in polynomial time. This result improves the methods based on the weakest precondition calculus for the question recently developed in [31, 34]. - We show that a single loop rule is a relatively complete Hoare logic for quantum programs after applying our structured theorem. Although using fewer rules, our method verifies a broader class of quantum programs, compared with the results in [45] and [56].

关键词： quantum programming flowchart language while-language structure programming

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