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Performance Analysis of the raft consensus algorithm for Private Blockchains

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS MAN CYBERNETICS-SYSTEMS 2020年第1期50卷 172-181页

作者： Huang, Dongyan Ma, Xiaoli Zhang, Shengli Shenzhen Univ Coll Informat Engn Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Georgia Inst Technol Sch Elect & Comp & Engn Atlanta GA 30332 USA

consensus is one of the key problems in blockchains. There are many articles analyzing the performance of threat models for blockchains. But the network stability seems lack of attention, which in fact affects the blockchain performance. This paper studies the performance of a well adopted consensus algorithm, raft, in networks with non-negligible packet loss rate. In particular, we propose a simple but accurate analytical model to analyze the distributed network split probability. At a given time, we explicitly present the network split probability as a function of the network size, the packet loss rate, and the election timeout period. To validate our analysis, we implement a raft simulator and the simulation results coincide with the analytical results. With the proposed model, one can predict the network split time and probability in theory and optimize the parameters in raft consensus algorithm.

关键词： Voting Blockchain Heart beat consensus algorithm Packet loss Transient analysis Blockchain network split probability private blockchain raft consensus algorithm

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The research of the optimized solutions to raft consensus algorithm based on a weighted PageRank algorithm

The research of the optimized solutions to Raft consensus al...

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Asia Conference on algorithms, Computing and Machine Learning (CACML))

作者： Wu, Yusen Wu, Yuansai Liu, Yiran Shi, Tingjun Yangzhou Univ Coll Informat Engn Yangzhou Jiangsu Peoples R China

ISBN: (数字)9781665482905

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482905

To tackle the problem that the raft consensus algorithm in blockchain has low node activity and cannot prevent malicious nodes, and thus cannot be well applied to the federated chain, a raft consensus algorithm based on node activity and credit mechanism is proposed. First of all, through the weighted PageRank algorithm, different PR values are assigned according to the historical activity of different nodes, and then a credit mechanism is introduced to improve the PR values, giving punishment to malicious nodes and reward to normal nodes, so that each node can get the final weight value WV. Through simulation experiments, the optimized raft consensus algorithm can better resist malicious nodes and has higher throughput and lower consensus latency than the mainstream PBFT algorithm in the federated chain

关键词： blockchain consensus strategy raft consensus algorithm weighted PageRank algorithm

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K-Bucket based raft-like consensus algorithm for Permissioned blockchain 25

K-Bucket based Raft-like consensus algorithm for Permissione...

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25th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (IEEE ICPADS)

作者： Wang, Rihong Zhang, Lifeng Xu, Quanqing Zhou, Hang Qingdao Univ Technol Coll Informat & Control Engn Dept Comp Engn Qingdao 266520 Shandong Peoples R China ASTAR Singapore 138632 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781728125831

With the development of blockchain, more and more blockchain types emerge: public blockchain, consortium blockchain and private *** of the node trust in some consortium blockchain and private blockchain, a no byzantine fault tolerance algorithm Kraft(Kademlia-raft) algorithm with high throughput and high scalability is proposed. Kraft consensus algorithm is a raft-like consensus algorithm that preserves the logic of part of raft consensus algorithm. It optimized leader election and consensus process of the raft consensus algorithm through the established K-Bucket node relationships in the Kademlia protocol, improved leader election speed and ***, the Kraft algorithm uses the K-bucket established by Kademlia protocol to achieve stable and efficient leader election process for the candidate node split vote problem and the low voting efficiency caused by the increase of the Follower node in the raft ***, aiming at the low efficiency and load imbalance of the leader single-node log replication in the raft algorithm consensus process, a parallel log replication scheme with multiple candidate nodes for balancing the leader node load is proposed to improve the throughput and the scalability of the ***, as a raft-like consensus algorithm, Kraft consensus algorithm satisfied the safety and liveness requirements of raft consensus algorithm. Kraft consensus algorithm and raft consensus algorithm were evaluated with local cluster simulation. The experimental results show that the Kraft consensus algorithm has a 41% improvement in transaction throughput and has a 67% improvement in the leader election speed.

关键词： permissioned blockchain raft consensus algorithm Kademlia protocol

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K-Bucket Based raft-Like consensus algorithm for Permissioned Blockchain

K-Bucket Based Raft-Like Consensus Algorithm for Permissione...

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International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)

作者： Rihong Wang Lifeng Zhang Quanqing Xu Hang Zhou Department of computer engineering QingdaoUniversity of Technology Qingdao China Singapore Research scientist A*STAR Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781728125848

With the development of blockchain, more and more blockchain types emerge: public blockchain, consortium blockchain and private blockchain. Because of the node trust in some consortium blockchain and private blockchain, a no byzantine fault tolerance algorithm Kraft(Kademlia-raft) algorithm with high throughput and high scalability is proposed. Kraft consensus algorithm is a raft-like consensus algorithm that preserves the logic of part of raft consensus algorithm. It optimized leader election and consensus process of the raft consensus algorithm through the established K-Bucket node relationships in the Kademlia protocol, improved leader election speed and throughput. Firstly, the Kraft algorithm uses the K-bucket established by Kademlia protocol to achieve stable and efficient leader election process for the candidate node split vote problem and the low voting efficiency caused by the increase of the Follower node in the raft algorithm. Secondly, aiming at the low efficiency and load imbalance of the leader single-node log replication in the raft algorithm consensus process, a parallel log replication scheme with multiple candidate nodes for balancing the leader node load is proposed to improve the throughput and the scalability of the algorithm. Finally, as a raft-like consensus algorithm, Kraft consensus algorithm satisfied the safety and liveness requirements of raft consensus algorithm. Kraft consensus algorithm and raft consensus algorithm were evaluated with local cluster simulation. The experimental results show that the Kraft consensus algorithm has a 41% improvement in transaction throughput and has a 67% improvement in the leader election speed.

关键词： Permissioned blockchain raft consensus algorithm Kademlia protocol algorithms Throughput unbalanced load Scalability

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Development model of bank personal consumption credit business with blockchain technology under the carbon neutralization background

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEM ASSURANCE ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2023年 1-14页

作者： Yan, Saisai Li, Xinyue Shanghai Lida Univ Coll Finance & Econ Shanghai Peoples R China

To solve the problems encountered in the development of the bank's personal consumer credit business, and improve the efficiency of the bank's financial business and financial services, this paper first analyzes blockchain technology, and describes the progress made by blockchain technology in the banking field. Under the background of the personal credit business of commercial banks, this paper puts forward a solution for the whole life cycle of personal credit business based on the research status of blockchain technology. With blockchain, banks can create a decentralized identity verification system, store customers' personal financial data and credit data on the blockchain, and share it with other financial institutions for an automated loan approval process. It aims at the problems of asymmetric information in the pre-loan review, complex approval process, and difficulties in post-loan business management in the three stages of current credit business: pre-loan, mid-loan, and post-loan. Combined with the personal credit reporting business scenario of commercial banks, distributed ledger technology based on consortium chain or private chain can provide banks and financial institutions with shared and reliable data storage to ensure data security and user privacy. Finally, this paper takes Bank X's consumer credit business as the research object, analyzes the basic situation of the bank's customers, and discusses the customer consumption demand and the time limit demand for loan business. And in the same environment, the performance of the blockchain-based personal credit business contract is analyzed. The research results show that the customers of Bank X are most in demand for housing, home appliances, decoration, and car purchase. The number of customers in the consumer credit business is the largest within 1-3 days from acceptance to disbursement, and the number of customers gradually decreases. The raft consensus algorithm has some improvements in consensus

关键词： Carbon neutrality Blockchain technology Bank personal consumption Credit business raft consensus algorithm

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Energy-aware blockchain for multiple autonomous underwater vehicles cooperative operation 40

Energy-aware blockchain for multiple autonomous underwater v...

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40th Chinese Control Conference (CCC)

作者： Li, Xinbin Guo, Yingzheng Yan, Lei Xu, Xianglin Yanshan Univ Inst Elect Engn Qinhuangdao 066004 Hebei Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9789881563804

Multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have been widely used in various of missions in underwater environment, such as tracking and searching. However, multi-AUV search targets in local area face to security challenges still. To solve this issue, in this paper, we propose a secure, energy-saving multi-AUV cooperative operation scheme blockchain-based. In order to enhance the security, control commands and state information are packaged into blocks by encryption algorithm of blockchain. Considering energy-efficient of the entire network, we present an improved raft consensus algorithm based on energy model, named E-raft. Balancing the excess of leader's energy consumption by setting thresholds. Our proposed approach not only guarantees the security of data, but extends working time of the network and the energy utilization. Simulation results justify the effectiveness of the scheme.

关键词： blockchain energy-aware multi-AUV raft consensus algorithm

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Model Checking the Safety of raft Leader Election algorithm 22

Model Checking the Safety of Raft Leader Election Algorithm

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22nd IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS)

作者： Bao, Qihao Li, Bixin Hu, Tianyuan Cao, Dongyu Southeast Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665477048

With the wide application of the raft consensus algorithm in blockchain systems, its safety has attracted more and more attention. However, although some researchers have formally verified the safety of the raft consensus algorithm in most scenarios, there are still some safety problems with raft consensus algorithm in some special scenarios, and cause problems now and then. For example, as a core part of the raft consensus algorithm, the raft leader election algorithm usually faces some safety problems in following scenarios: if the network communication between some nodes is abnormal, the leader node could be unstable or even cannot be elected, or the log entry cannot be updated, etc. In this paper, we model check the safety of the raft leader election algorithm throughly using Spin. We use Promela language to model the raft leader election algorithm and use Linear-time Temporal Logic (LTL) formulae to characterize three safety properties including stability, liveness, and uniqueness. The verification results show that the raft leader election algorithm does not hold stability and liveness when some nodes are faulty and node log entries are inconsistent. For these safety problems, we give the suggestions for improving safety by analyzing counter examples.

关键词： blockchain system raft consensus algorithm model checking Promela Spin

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Business-Aligned raft algorithm in the Consortium with Multiple Permissioned Blockchains

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电脑学刊 2021年第3期32卷 274-288页

作者： Yansong Zhang Bo Shen Yingsi Zhao

raft is a well-known consensus algorithm with extensive application scenarios thanks to its comprehensibility and scalability in permissioned blockchain. But some issues about consensus efficiency still exist in raft. For example, raft detaches from business, and the random variable about leader identity has the largest information entropy in the leader election process. In this paper, we propose a raft-like consensus algorithm, named Business-aligned raft (BAraft) algorithm, which supports high transaction throughput and business adaptability. BAraft aims at optimizing the performance of the consensus algorithm in the consortium with multiple permissioned blockchains. BAraft combines actual application scenarios and specific characteristic of nodes to improve the adaptability and scalability of business. It enhances the countdown mechanism of leader election in raft to reduce the randomness of leader election and build up business efficiency with fewer forwarded transactions. It also introduces new node states to reduce the scale of consensus cluster and improves the consensus efficiency. Experimental results show that BAraft provides a higher transaction throughput than raft by 46.95% in a cluster of five consensus nodes.

关键词： permissioned blockchain raft consensus algorithm Hyperledger Fabric business adaptability leader election analysis

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Energy-aware blockchain for multiple autonomous underwater vehicles cooperative operation

Energy-aware blockchain for multiple autonomous underwater v...

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第40届中国控制会议

作者： Xinbin Li Yingzheng Guo Lei Yan Xianglin Xu IEEE Institute of Electrical Engineering Yanshan University

Multiple autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)have been widely used in various of missions in underwater environment,such as tracking and ***,multi-AUV search targets in local area face to security challenges *** solve this issue,in this paper,we propose a secure,energy-saving multi-AUV cooperative operation scheme *** order to enhance the security,control commands and state information are packaged into blocks by encryption algorithm of *** energy-efficient of the entire network,we present an improved raft consensus algorithm based on energy model,named *** the excess of leader's energy consumption by setting *** proposed approach not only guarantees the security of data,but extends working time of the network and the energy *** results justify the effectiveness of the scheme.

关键词： Index Terms-blockchain energy-aware multi-AUV raft consensus algorithm

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