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rate coding is compressed but variability is unaltered for motor units in a hand muscle of old adults

JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 2007年第5期97卷 3206-3218页

作者： Barry, Benjamin K. Pascoe, Michael A. Jesunathadas, Mark Enoka, Roger M. Univ Colorado Dept Integrat Physiol Neurophysiol Movement Lab Boulder CO 80309 USA

The discharge of single motor units (n = 34) in the first dorsal interosseus muscle and the fluctuations in force during steady contractions were measured across a range of index finger abduction forces in old adults (77.1 +/- 6.9 yr, n = 20). These results were compared with previously reported data on 38 motor units from young adults (25.7 +/- 5.7 yr). Both minimal and peak discharge rates increased with recruitment threshold, but the strength of these relations was notably weaker for the old adults. Minimal discharge rates were similar for young and old adults (P = 0.77), whereas peak discharge rates were lower for old adults (P < 0.01). Consequently, the range of rate coding for each motor unit was substantially less for the old adults (7.1 pps) compared with the young adults (12.1 pps, P < 0.01). However, the variability in motor-unit discharge was similar for young and old adults;the coefficient of variation of the interspike intervals was similar at recruitment (old: 25.4%, young: 27.1%, P = 0.39) and declined with an increase in discharge rate (old: 13.2%, young: 14.2%, P = 0.21). Furthermore, the fluctuations in force during steady isometric contractions (2-95% of maximal force) were similar for young and old adults, except that the relative variability at the lowest force was greater for the old adults. A computational model of motor-unit recruitment and rate coding incorporated the experimental observations and was able to match the measured and simulated values for force steadiness across the operating range of the muscle.

关键词： .Decline age-related compressed motor units old adults motoneurones hand muscle rate coding discharge variability motor unit discharge

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rate coding versus temporal order coding: a theoretical approach

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BIOSYSTEMS 1998年第1-3期48卷 57-65页

作者： Gautrais, J Thorpe, S Ctr Rech Cerveau & Cognit UMR 5549 F-31062 Toulouse France

The belief that neurones transmit information in the form of a firing rate code is almost universal. However, we argue that at least in some situations, the efficiency of a coding strategy based on rate coding is surprisingly poor. A simple mathematical analysis reveals that, due to the stochastic nature of spike generation, even transmitting the simplest signals reliably would require either: (1) excessively long observation periods incompatible with the speed of sensory processing or (2) excessively large numbers of redundant neurones, incompatible with the anatomical constraints imposed by sensory pathways. We argue that such problems may be avoided by using alternative temporal codes which rely on the asynchrony of firing across a population of afferent neurones. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Poisson process PDP models rate coding

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A Fundamental Inequality Governing the rate coding Response of Sensory Neurons

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BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2023年第4-5期117卷 285-295页

作者： Wong, Willy Univ Toronto Dept Elect & Comp Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G4 Canada Univ Toronto Inst Biomed Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G4 Canada

A fundamental inequality governing the spike activity of peripheral neurons is derived and tested against auditory data. This inequality states that the steady-state firing rate must lie between the arithmetic and geometric means of the spontaneous and peak activities during adaptation. Implications towards the development of auditory mechanistic models are explored.

关键词： Sensory adaptation rate coding Firing rate bounds Auditory transduction Theoretical prediction

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Chaotic LIF Oscillator With Variable Resistance Feedback and Nonlinear rate coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS II-EXPRESS BRIEFS 2022年第6期69卷 2982-2986页

作者： Boriskov, Petr Petrozavodsk State Univ Inst Phys & Technol Petrozavodsk 185910 Russia

This brief presents a model of chaotic oscillator based on leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron with a switching element, which has an S-shaped current-voltage characteristic (S-IVC), and with nonlinear firing rate coding by control resistor. The circuit contains variable resistance feedback of LIF neuron, which includes a second order filter and two gain modules. Simulation results show that active RC-circuit can be used as a feedback filter and a bipolar transistor can be used as a control resistor. A mathematical model of the chaotic oscillator has been built. The transition to the dynamic chaos occurs according to the scenario of a period-doubling bifurcation cascades. The circuit provides theoretical perspectives for the creating devices of neuromorphic computing based on chaotic dynamics.

关键词： Oscillators Resistance Integrated circuit modeling Transistors Voltage control Switching circuits RLC circuits LIF neuron chaos chaotic oscillator rate coding feedback second order filter

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Chaotic discrete map of pulse oscillator dynamics with threshold nonlinear rate coding

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NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 2024年第5期112卷 3917-3933页

作者： Boriskov, Petr Petrozavodsk State Univ Inst Phys & Technol Petrozavodsk Russia

The study presents 1D discrete map (DM) to describe the dynamics of the oscillator with chaotic pulse position modulation. The model circuit has pulse voltage-controlled oscillator and feedback loop with a threshold of pulse rate coding, which performs nonretriggerable monostable multivibrator. DM is based on the analysis of this circuit using a simple approximation of the frequency modulation, which includes a threshold condition on the pulse period and sigmoid function of rate coding. The model circuit and DM demonstrate dynamic chaos in a wide range of control parameters. The transition to the chaos occurs by a jump either from a fixed point (tangent bifurcation) or from a limit cycle. An experimental (digital-analog) circuit of the chaotic pulse oscillator, in which the feedback unit is a monostable multivibrator with a microcontroller, is implemented. The maximum Lyapunov exponent and the maximum entropy of DM are on the edge of chaos and are close to the well-known Bernoulli shift map, the analogy with which is discussed.

关键词： Discrete map Chaotic oscillator Pulse position modulation rate coding Voltage-controlled oscillator Monostable multivibrator Bernoulli map

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Implementation of multilayer perceptron networks by populations of spiking neurons using rate coding

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2002年 44卷 353-358页

作者： de Kamps, M van der Velde, F Leiden Univ Unit Theoret & Exptl Psychol Fac Social Sci Dept Psychol NL-2333 Leiden Netherlands

In this paper we consider the biological plausibility of perceptron networks. We identify problems that arise if one tries to model form processing in visual cortex with a perceptron network. We conclude that a perceptron's activity corresponds to a population firing rate and that serious rate problems can be avoided if the squashing function maps zero input on zero output. Typically, such squashing functions are anti-symmetric, We present a circuit with a perceptron-like behavior, which provides an elegant interpretation for the negative perceptron activities that these functions entail. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Dale's law population perceptron rate coding spiking neuron

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On the rate coding response of peripheral sensory neurons

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BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2020年第6期114卷 609-619页

作者： Wong, Willy Univ Toronto Dept Elect & Comp Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G4 Canada Univ Toronto Inst Biomed Engn Toronto ON M5S 3G4 Canada

The rate coding response of a single peripheral sensory neuron in the asymptotic, near-equilibrium limit can be derived using information theory, asymptotic Bayesian statistics and a theory of complex systems. Almost no biological knowledge is required. The theoretical expression shows good agreement with spike-frequency adaptation data across different sensory modalities and animal species. The approach permits the discovery of a new neurophysiological equation and shares similarities with statistical physics.

关键词： Sensory processing rate coding Sensory adaptation Information theory Complex systems Asymptotic statistics Universality

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rate coding vs. Temporal coding - Is Optimum Between?

Rate Coding vs. Temporal Coding - Is Optimum Between?

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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

作者： Kiselev, Mikhail Chuvash State Univ Dept Math & Informat Technol Cheboxary Russia

ISBN: (纸本)9781509006199

In this paper, we consider a novel approach to information representation in spiking neural networks. In a certain sense it is a combination of two well-known coding schemes - rate coding and temporal coding. Namely, it is based on asynchronous activity of ensembles of polychronous neuronal groups - groups of neurons firing in determined order with strictly fixed relative temporal delays. We demonstrate how a rate-coded input signal may be converted into this representation form by network structures which are formed as a result of network self-organization process based on STDP-style synaptic plasticity.

关键词： spiking neural network polychronization STDP rate coding temporal coding chaotic network network self-organization

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rate coding OR DIRECT coding: WHICH ONE IS BETTER FOR ACCUrate, ROBUST, AND ENERGY-EFFICIENT SPIKING NEURAL NETWORKS? 47

RATE CODING OR DIRECT CODING: WHICH ONE IS BETTER FOR ACCURA...

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47th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Kim, Youngeun Park, Hyoungseob Moitra, Abhishek Bhattacharjee, Abhiroop Venkatesha, Yeshwanth Panda, Priyadarshini Yale Univ New Haven CT 06520 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781665405409

Recent Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) works focus on an image classification task, therefore various coding techniques have been proposed to convert an image into temporal binary spikes. Among them, rate coding and direct coding are regarded as prospective candidates for building a practical SNN system as they show state-of-the-art performance on large-cale datasets. Despite their usage, there is little attention to comparing these two coding schemes in a fair manner. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the two codings from three perspectives: accuracy, adversarial robustness, and energy-efficiency. First, we compare the performance of two coding techniques with various architectures and datasets. Then, we measure the robustness of the coding techniques on two adversarial attack methods. Finally, we compare the energy-efficiency of two coding schemes on a digital hardware platform. Our results show that direct coding can achieve better accuracy especially for a small number of timesteps. In contrast, rate coding shows better robustness to adversarial attacks owing to the non-differentiable spike generation process. rate coding also yields higher energy-efficiency than direct coding which requires multi-bit precision for the first layer. Our study explores the characteristics of two codings, which is an important design consideration for building SNNs(1).

关键词： Spiking neural network rate coding direct coding energy-efficiency adversarial robustness

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Enhanced motor unit rate coding with improvements in a force-matching task

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND KINESIOLOGY 2004年第6期14卷 619-629页

作者： Knight, CA Kamen, G Univ Delaware Dept Hlth & Exercise Sci Newark DE 19716 USA Univ Massachusetts Dept Exercise Sci Amherst MA 01003 USA

These data describe improved modulation of discharge rates (rate coding) of first dorsal interosseous motor units throughout the acquisition of a complex force-matching skill involving isometric index finger abduction. In each of 15 consecutive trials, subjects attempted to match their force to a trajectory consisting of the sum of two sine waves (0.15 and 0.5 Hz) and random oscillations (overall mead force level similar to20% MVC). Reductions in root-mean-square (RMS) error of each subject's force relative to the trajectory indicated substantial improvements in force-matching ability (F = 33.8, p < 0.001). With the acquisition of this new skill, there was increased amplitude modulation of muscular force near both dominant frequencies of the force-matching trajectory (F = 10.6, p = 0.008). The standard deviation and coefficient of variation of motor unit inter-spike intervals both decreased with improved performance indicating a general reduction in the amplitude of firing rate modulations (SD: F = 18.69, p = 0.001;CV: F = 43.6, p < 0.001). After skill acquisition, there was decreased firing rate modulation outside of the two dominant frequencies and increased amplitude of firing rate modulation at the higher of the two dominant frequencies (0.5 Hz, F = 8.23, p = 0.015). These findings indicate that improved precision of rate coding was a contributor to the acquisition of the new force-matching task. That the change in rate coding was frequency dependent suggests that factors other than frequency coding may contribute to the improved force matching at 0.15 Hz. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： motor control motor learning rate coding motor skill motoneurons

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