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Population coding with unreliable spikes

NEUROCOMPUTING 2002年 44卷 323-328页

作者： Bethge, M Pawelzik, K Univ Bremen Inst Theoret Phys D-28334 Bremen Germany

The need for a neuronal coding scheme that is robust against the corruption of action potentials seems to support the idea of population rate coding, where the relevance of a single spike decreases proportional to the increase of population size. In order to test this intuition, we here investigate the efficiency and robustness of a population rate coding scheme in comparison to a place coding scheme using identical noise model. It turns out that the efficiency of population rate coding is substantially worse than that of place coding even if the generation or propagation of spikes are highly unreliable processes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： rate coding place coding reliability of spikes population coding synaptic reliability

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When does interval coding occur?

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2004年 58卷 13-18页

作者： Johnson, DH Glantz, RM Rice Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Houston TX 77251 USA Rice Univ Dept Biochem & Cell Biol Houston TX 77251 USA

During the stationary portion of neuron's spiking response to a stimulus, the stimulus could be coded in the average rate and, more elaborately, in the statistics of the sequence of interspike intervals. We use information processing theory to explicitly define when interval coding occurs and quantify the coding gain beyond rate coding provided by the interval code. We explicitly find the interval distribution commensurate with average rate coding. When we analyzed optomotor neural responses recorded from the crayfish eye, we found little interval coding occurring despite stimulus-induced changes from a unimodal to a bimodal interval distribution. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： interval coding rate coding Kullback-Leibler distance

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An Efficient Spiking Neuron Hardware System Based on the Hardware-Oriented Modified Izhikevich Neuron (HOMIN) Model

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS II-EXPRESS BRIEFS 2020年第12期67卷 3377-3381页

作者： Leigh, Alexander J. Mirhassani, Mitra Muscedere, Roberto Univ Windsor Dept Elect & Comp Engn Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada

Mathematical modifications have been made to the Izhikevich Neuron Model to allow for a simple, low-area digital hardware implementation with low computational intensity. The implemented neuron circuit only requires one input parameter to replicate all of the cortical neuron behaviours described by Izhikevich. The low hardware requirements of this neuron implementation make large, highly parallel digital spiking neural networks of this neuron feasible. Additionally, the model requires fewer external parameter changes to exhibit diverse neuron behaviours. The alterations made to create this novel model are presented in detail with a performance comparison to the original Izhikevich Neuron. Subsequently a digital hardware realization is presented and its performance is characterized.

关键词： Neurons Mathematical model Hardware Integrated circuit modeling Computational modeling Biological system modeling Biological neural networks Spiking neuron neural networks rate coding digital hardware Izhikevich neuron model

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Biophysical model of a single synaptic connection:: Transmission properties are determined by the cooperation of pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2001年 38卷 65-71页

作者： Trommershäuser, J Zippelius, A Univ Gottingen Inst Theoret Phys D-37073 Gottingen Germany

A stochastic model of synaptic transmission has been designed on the basis of electrophysiological experiments. The model includes presynaptic mechanisms of recruitment and calcium related release of vesicles, transmitter dynamics in the cleft and postsynaptic receptor kinetics. Monte Carlo simulations of a single synaptic connection are performed and demonstrate that synapses depress during repetitive presynaptic stimulation due to depletion of presynaptic vesicles as well as receptor desensitization. Only for stimulation frequencies below 40 Hz depression is caused solely presynaptically by depletion of vesicles. It is shown that specific physiological conditions determine the frequency dependence of steady state depression currents and set limits on the range of possibly rate-coded transmission. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： synaptic transmission synaptic depression short-term plasticity rate coding

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Signal-independent timescale analysis (SITA) and its application for neural coding during reaching and walking

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FRONTIERS IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014年第AUG期8卷 91页

作者： Zacksenhouse, Miriam Lebedev, Mikhail A. Nicolelis, Miguel A. L. Technion Israel Inst Technol Dept Mech Engn Brain Comp Interfaces Rehabil Lab IL-32000 Haifa Israel Duke Univ Ctr Neuroengn Dept Neurobiol Durham NC USA

What are the relevant timescales of neural encoding in the brain? This question is commonly investigated with respect to well-defined stimuli or actions. However, neurons often encode multiple signals, including hidden or internal, which are not experimentally controlled, and thus excluded from such analysis. Here we consider all rate modulations as the signal, and define the rate-modulations signal-to-noise ratio (RM-SNR) as the ratio between the variance of the rate and the variance of the neuronal noise. As the bin-width increases, RM-SNR increases while the update rate decreases. This tradeoff is captured by the ratio of RM-SNR to bin-width, and its variations with the bin-width reveal the timescales of neural activity. Theoretical analysis and simulations elucidate how the interactions between the recovery properties of the unit and the spectral content of the encoded signals shape this ratio and determine the timescales of neural coding. The resulting signal-independent timescale analysis (SITA) is applied to investigate timescales of neural activity recorded from the motor cortex of monkeys during: (i) reaching experiments with Brain-Machine Interface (BMI), and (ii) locomotion experiments at different speeds. Interestingly, the timescales during BMI experiments did not change significantly with the control mode or training. During locomotion, the analysis identified units whose timescale varied consistently with the experimentally controlled speed of walking, though the specific timescale reflected also the recovery properties of the unit. Thus, the proposed method, SITA, characterizes the timescales of neural encoding and how they are affected by the motor task, while accounting for all rate modulations.

关键词： timescales rate modulation doubly stochastic Poisson processes rate coding brain-machine interface signal to noise ratio

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Capacity per Unit Cost-Achieving Input Distribution of rated-Inverse Gaussian Biological Neuron

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第6期70卷 3788-3803页

作者： Nasiraee, Mohammad Montazery Kordy, Hussain Kazemitabar, Javad Babol Noshirvani Univ Technol Fac Elect & Comp Engn Babol *** Iran

Maximizing the information per the expected unit energy cost in biological neurons is vital in understanding the functionality of our nervous system and improving the bio-inspired nano-networks. Hence, toward a better comprehension of neuronal information processing and communication from an information-energy standpoint, this paper presents the following novel results on the capacity-achieving distribution: 1) For the first time, the paper presents the probability mass function of the number of spikes observed in a given time window where inter-spike intervals follow the Inverse Gaussian distribution. To extend this result, the first and second moments of the underlying probability mass function will be determined. 2) The paper proves that the relationship between the underlying probability mass function and the marginal distribution of the intensity parameter is one-to-one when the parameter is a random variable. 3) Proof that a unique capacity-achieving distribution for the stimulus intensity exists in a discrete form with a finite number of mass points that varies with the energy budget. Then, the paper presents an algorithm that numerically computes a trade-off between the maximum transmit bits and the coding-duration energy expenditure. Subsequently, the optimal multiplier along with the optimal distribution and the corresponding capacity will be obtained.

关键词： Neurons Encoding Axons Random variables Information processing Synapses Nanobioscience Information theory nano-scale communications rate coding inverse Gaussian distribution count distribution

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Spike communication of dynamic stimuli: rate decoding versus temporal decoding

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NEUROCOMPUTING 2004年 58卷 101-107页

作者： Goldberg, DH Andreou, AG Johns Hopkins Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Baltimore MD 21218 USA

We compare two methods for extracting information about a dynamic analog stimulus from a spike train: a rate decoder, which is based on the number of spikes in a counting window, and a temporal decoder, which is based on interspike intervals. We derive analytical expressions for the distortion between a stimulus current that drives an integrate-and-fire spike generator and a reconstruction of that current based on the spike train. We consider intrinsic distortion, which arises due to the limitations of spike coding, and extrinsic distortion, which is due to explicit alterations of the spike train. We find that in the absence of extrinsic distortion, the temporal decoder is superior to the rate decoder. In the presence of extrinsic distortion, the temporal decoder is preferred when low latency is required, but the rate decoder is preferred when the latency requirement is relaxed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： spike communication rate coding temporal coding efficiency

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Preinspiratory and inspiratory hypoglossal motor output during hypoxia-induced plasticity in the rat

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 2010年第5期108卷 1187-1198页

作者： Lee, Kun-Ze Fuller, David D. Univ Florida Coll Publ Hlth & Hlth Profess McKnight Brain Inst Dept Phys Therapy Gainesville FL 32610 USA

Lee K-Z, Fuller DD. Preinspiratory and inspiratory hypoglossal motor output during hypoxia-induced plasticity in the rat. J Appl Physiol 108: 1187-1198, 2010. First published February 11, 2010;doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01285.2009.-Respiratory-related discharge in the hypoglossal (XII) nerve is composed of preinspiratory (pre-I) and inspiratory (I) activity. Our first purpose was to test the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced plasticity in XII motor output is differentially expressed in pre-I vs. I XII bursting. Short-term potentiation (STP) of XII motor output was induced in urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, and ventilated rats by exposure to isocapnic hypoxia (Pa(O2) of similar to 35 Torr). Both pre-I and I XII discharge abruptly increased at beginning of hypoxia (i.e., acute hypoxic response), and the relative increase in amplitude was much greater for pre-I (507 +/- 46% baseline) vs. I bursting (257 +/- 16% baseline;P < 0.01). In addition, STP was expressed in I but not pre-I bursting following hypoxia. Specifically, I activity remained elevated following termination of hypoxia but pre-I bursting abruptly returned to prehypoxia levels. Our second purpose was to test the hypothesis that STP of I XII activity results from recruitment of inactive or "silent" XII motoneurons (MNs) vs. rate coding of active MNs. Single fiber recordings were used to classify XII MNs as I, expiratory-inspiratory, or silent based on baseline discharge patterns. STP of I XII activity following hypoxia was associated with increased discharge frequency in active I and silent MNs but not expiratory-inspiratory MNs. We conclude that the expression of respiratory plasticity is differentially regulated between pre-I and I XII activity. In addition, both recruitment of silent MNs and rate coding of active I MNs contribute to increases in XII motor output following hypoxia.

关键词： respiratory control recruitment rate coding short-term potentiation

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Transitory force decrease following a sudden reduction in stimulation frequency in motor units of rat medial gastrocnemius

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND KINESIOLOGY 2019年 46卷 14-20页

作者： Grzesiak, Joanna Krysciak, Katarzyna Drzymala-Celichowska, Hanna Celichowski, Jan Poznan Univ Phys Educ Dept Neurobiol 27-39 Krolowej Jadwigi St PL-61871 Poznan Poland

Effects of a sudden decrease in the stimulation frequency for motor unit force were studied in rat medial gastrocnemius. For 161 functionally isolated single motor units of three types (S, FR, FF), unfused tetanic contractions were evoked by three-phase trains of stimuli (low-high-low frequency). The course of the tetanus at the onset of the third phase of the force recording was analyzed in tetani with variable fusion degree. For 78 units within the third phase of tetanus, a transitory force decrease to a level lower than in the first phase (identical frequency), was observed. This phenomenon was more frequent for fast fatigue resistant (65.9%) than for fast fatigable and slow motor units (27.1% and 35.5%, respectively). Moreover, the force decrease was strongest for fast resistant motor units (up to 36.5%) and when contractions evoked at variable frequencies of stimulation were compared, the highest amplitudes of the studied force decrease were noted for middle-fused tetani (0.50-0.90). A new phenomenon of transitory force decrease in tetanic contractions of motor units with a decrease in stimulation frequency was found. Most probably, the phenomenon is dependent on disturbances in the force transmission by collagen surrounding active muscles fibers.

关键词： Motor unit Unfused tetanus rate coding Force regulation Stimulation frequency

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Neural coding of the sound envelope is changed in the inferior colliculus immediately following acoustic trauma

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE 2019年第10期49卷 1220-1232页

作者： Heeringa, Amarins N. van Dijk, Pim Univ Groningen Univ Med Ctr Groningen Dept Otorhinolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Groningen Netherlands Univ Groningen Grad Sch Med Sci Res Sch Behav & Cognit Neurosci Groningen Netherlands

Sensorineural hearing loss is often accompanied by difficulties with understanding speech in fluctuating backgrounds, suggesting that neural coding of complex sound features, such as the sound envelope, is impaired. Here, we studied how temporal and rate coding of the envelope is affected in the inferior colliculus immediately after acoustic trauma. Neural activity in response to amplitude-modulated noise was -recorded from the inferior colliculus of the guinea pig, before and immediately after a 1-hr 11-kHz acoustic trauma. Units with a characteristic frequency (CF) below the trauma frequency (< 11 kHz) showed increased response gains, a measure for temporal coding of the sound envelope, especially at low modulation frequencies (= 128 Hz). Units with a CF > 11 kHz, which had large acoustic trauma-induced threshold shifts, had decreased response gains to amplitude-modulated noise. Shapes of temporal modulation transfer functions shifted toward a higher proportion of low-pass shapes in low-CF units, and to less band-pass shapes in high-CF units. Furthermore, driven firing rates decreased, especially at high modulation frequencies for high-CF units. The observed changes occurred immediately following trauma and were thus a result of the immediate trauma-induced damage to the auditory system. If also present in human subjects, reduced response gains in high-frequency units could disrupt coding of consonants and consequently impair speech understanding in noisy environments. Moreover, the enhanced temporal coding by low-CF units of the low modulation frequencies could overly amplify responses to low-frequency noise, further deteriorating listening in noise.

关键词： amplitude modulation guinea pig noise-induced hearing loss rate coding temporal coding

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