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A Comparative Performance Evaluation of Routing protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 2023年第4期14卷 438-446页

作者： Khudayer, Baidaa Hamza Alzabin, Lial Raja Anbar, Mohammed Tawafak, Ragad M. Wan, Tat-Chee AlSideiri, Abir Malik, Sohail Iqbal Al-Amiedy, Taief Alaa Univ Sains Malaysia Natl Adv Ctr IPv6 USM George Town 11800 Malaysia AlBuraimi Univ Coll Informat Technol Dept Buraimi Oman AlZahra Coll Women Muscat Oman

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a group of wireless mobile nodes that can connect with each other over a number of hops without the need for centralized management or pre-existing infrastructure. MANET has been used in several commercial areas such as intelligent shipping systems, ad hoc gaming, and clever agriculture, and non-commercial areas such as army applications, disaster rescue, and wildlife observing domains. One of the main challenges in MANET is routing mobility management which affects the performance of MANET seriously. The routing protocols have been functionally classified into proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols, and hybrid routing protocols. The objective of this paper is to create observations about the advantages and disadvantages of these protocols. Thus, the aim of this paper is to conduct a comparative analysis of the three groups of MANET routing protocols by comparing their features and methods in terms of routing overhead, scalability, delay, and other factors. It was shown that the proactive protocols guarantee the availability of the routes. However, it suffers from scalability and overhead. Whereas, reactive protocols initiate route discovery only when data needs to be sent. However, reactive protocols introduce an undesirable delay due to route establishment, which affects the network performance. Hybrid protocols, attempt to utilize the beneficial features of both reactive and proactive protocols, hybrid protocols are suitable for large networks and keep up-to-date information, but they increase operational complexity. It was concluded that MANET needs enhancement with regard to routing in order to meet the required performance.

关键词： MANET routing protocols proactive protocols reactive protocols hybrid protocols Ad Hoc Networks

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Performance Analysis of reactive Routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Performance Analysis of Reactive Routing Protocols in Mobile...

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International Conference on Telecommunications and Multimedia (TEMU)

作者： Papadopoulos, Michalis Mavromoustakis, Constandinos X. Skourletopoulos, Georgios Mastorakis, George Pallis, Evangelos Univ Nicosia Dept Comp Sci Nicosia Cyprus Scientia Consulting SA Dept E Banking Insights Athens Greece Technol Educ Inst Crete Dept Informat Engn Iraklion Crete Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781479932009

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organized infrastructure-less networks, including wireless mobile systems, which have been thoroughly studied and widely used in a variety of applications. Routing mechanisms in MANETs are considered as a major research challenge due to the nature of the network topology, where the nodes are able to move in any direction in the network showing unpredictable behavior. Nodes failures and absence of centralized coordinators are also important challenges in such network configurations. In addition, the routing protocols that are usually exploited in MANETs are characterized as proactive (Table-driven) and reactive (On-demand). In this context, this paper elaborates on a preliminary comparison study among different reactive protocols, such as the Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). This comparison was conducted towards investigating the optimum exploitation of such routing protocols in MANETs, in terms of their performance against the number of the nodes in the network.

关键词： MANETs Routing protocols reactive protocols AODV DSR performance comparison performance analysis

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An enhanced energy efficient protocol for large-scale IoT-based heterogeneous WSNs

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SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2023年 21卷

作者： Abdul-Qawy, Antar Shaddad Hamed Alduais, Nayef Abdulwahab Mohammed Saad, Abdul-Malik H. Y. Taher, Murad Ahmed Ali Nasser, Abdullah B. Saleh, Sami Abdulla Mohsen Khatri, Narendra SUMAIT Univ Fac Sci Dept Math & Comp Sci Zanzibar 1933 Tanzania Univ Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia UTHM Fac Comp Sci & Informat Technol FSKTM Batu Pahat 86400 Johor Malaysia Univ Teknol Malaysia UTM Fac Engn Sch Elect Engn Div Elect & Comp Engn Johor Baharu 81310 Johor Malaysia Hodeidah Univ Fac Comp Sci & Engn Dept Comp Engn Al Hudaydah Yemen Univ Vaasa Sch Technol & Innovat Vaasa 65200 Finland Univ Sains Malaysia Sch Elect & Elect Engn Intelligent Biometr Grp Nibong Tebal 14300 Pulau Pinang Malaysia Manipal Acad Higher Educ Manipal Inst Technol Dept Mechatron Manipal 576104 Karnataka India

There is increasing attention, recently, to optimizing energy consumption in IoT-based largescale networks. Extending the lifetime of battery-powered nodes is a key challenge in such systems and their various application scenarios. This paper proposes a new zone-based and event-driven protocol for saving energy in large-scale heterogeneous WSNs called TESEES (Threshold Enabled Scalable and Energy Efficient Scheme). The proposed protocol is designed to support network scenarios deploying higher levels of heterogeneity with more than three types of sensor nodes (i.e., four, five, and more). TESEES is a reactive version of the proactive SEES protocol, in which we leverage a novel state-of-the-art thresholding model on the zone based hierarchical deployments of heterogeneous nodes to regulate the data reporting process, avoiding unnecessary frequent data transmission and reducing the amount of energy dissipation of the sensing nodes and the entire system. With this model, we present a general technique for formulating distinct thresholds for network nodes in each established zone. This mechanism allows for individually configuring the nodes with transmission settings tailored to their respective roles, independent of the heterogeneity levels, total node count, or initial energy. This approach ensures that each node operates optimally within the network. In addition, we present an improved hybrid TMCCT (Threshold-based Minimum Cost Cross-layer Transmission) algorithm that operates at the node level and ensures effective data transmission control by considering current sensor values, heterogeneous event thresholds, and previous data records. Instead of periodical data transmission, this hybridization mechanism, integrated with a grid of energy-harvesting relay nodes, keeps the zone member nodes in the energy-saving mode for maximum time and allows for reactive data transmission only when necessary. This results in a reduced data-reporting frequency, less traffic load, min

关键词： Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) Internet of Things (IoT) Energy-efficiency Energy-harvesting Threshold-oriented protocols reactive protocols Event-driven protocols Zone-based clustering

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REFLOOD: reactive routing protocol for wake-up radio in IoT

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AD HOC NETWORKS 2021年 121卷 102578-102578页

作者： Sampayo, Sebastian L. Montavont, Julien Noel, Thomas Univ Strasbourg ICube Lab F-67412 Illkirch Graffenstaden France

The Internet of Things and the Wireless Sensor Networks are providing new ways to connect physical variables from the environment to the cybernetic world. As their applications become more ubiquitous, they require better energy efficiency to reduce the size of the batteries or extend their lifetime as much as possible, while keeping good quality network performance. Traditional solutions to this challenge have used a duty-cycle approach at the medium access control layer of the communication stack trading off latency for energy efficiency. Wake-up radios is a new technology for wireless communications that promises the end of this tradeoff thanks to its ultra-low power consumption. This module is attached to a regular node as a secondary receiver that listens to the channel continuously while the main radio stays sleeping. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of the wake-up receiver is very low creating a range mismatch with the main radio. This leads to very dense networks according to the very short range of the wake-up radio. In such a scenario, the data frame must pass through every node in the path from source to destination, wasting the benefits of the main radio technology. To take advantage of the full range of the main radio, the signals on the wake-up radio have to be routed through intermediate nodes before waking up the destination, so that the data can be sent directly from source to destination. In this article, we present REFLOOD, a reactive routing protocol for WuR networks that tackles this challenge taking advantage of multiple paths and achieving load balancing. We compare it with a proactive approach as well as a traditional solution in ContikiOS, through simulations in different scenarios for convergecast traffic. The results show that REFLOOD represents an improvement to 300% of the network lifetime of traditional solutions. Its multi-path feature maximizes the chances to wake-up a destination successfully, improving the packet delivery ratio, and re

关键词： Wake-up radios Routing protocols Wireless sensor networks reactive protocols Proactive protocols

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SD-Access: Practical Experiences in Designing and Deploying Software Defined Enterprise Networks 20

SD-Access: Practical Experiences in Designing and Deploying ...

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16th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies

作者： Paillisse, Jordi Portoles, Marc Lopez, Albert Rodriguez-Natal, Alberto Iacobacci, David Leong, Johnson Moreno, Victor Cabellos, Albert Maino, Fabio Hooda, Sanjay UPC BarcelonaTech Barcelona Spain Cisco San Jose CA 95134 USA BPM LLP San Francisco CA USA Uber Technol Inc San Francisco CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450379489

Enterprise networks, over the years, have become more and more complex trying to keep up with new requirements that challenge traditional solutions. Just to mention one out of many possible examples, technologies such as Virtual LANs (VLANs) struggle to address the scalability and operational requirements introduced by Internet of Things (IoT) use cases. To keep up with these challenges we have identified four main requirements that are common across modern enterprise networks: (i) scalable mobility, (ii) endpoint segmentation, (iii) simplified administration, and (iv) resource optimization. To address these challenges we designed SDA (Software Defined Access), a solution for modern enterprise networks that leverages Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and other state of the art techniques. In this paper we present the design, implementation and evaluation of SDA. Specifically, SDA: (i) leverages a combination of an overlay approach with an event-driven protocol (LISP) to dynamically adapt to traffic and mobility patterns while preserving resources, and (ii) enforces policies to groups of endpoints for scalable segmentation with low operational burden. We present our experience with deploying SDA in two real-life scenarios: an enterprise campus, and a large warehouse with mobile robots. Our evaluation shows that SDA, when compared with traditional enterprise networks, can (i) reduce overall data plane forwarding state up to 70% thanks to a reactive protocol using a centralized routing server, and (ii) reduce by an order of magnitude the handover delays in scenarios of massive mobility with respect to other approaches. Finally, we discuss lessons learned while deploying and operating SDA, and possible optimizations regarding the use of an event-driven protocol and group-based segmentation.

关键词： Campus networks Enterprise Networks Software-Defined Networks reactive protocols Massive Mobility Locator-Id Separation Protocol

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Modeling and Simulation Of Dynamic Intermediate Nodes And Performance Analysis in MANETS reactive Routing protocols

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GRID AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING 2011年第1期4卷 31-56页

作者： Khan, Jahangir Hyder, Syed Irfan Mustafa, Syed Malek Fakar Duani syed Asia Univ Sch Informat & Commun Technol 4 Jalan Sultan Sulaiman Kuala Lumpur 50000 Malaysia PAF KIET Grad Sch Sci & Engn Karachi 75190 Pakistan

Loads of research work and efforts have been done since last decade to provide support and solution to different problems and challenges related to mobile ad hoc networks. But still the fast growing technology needs attention in many areas such as routing, bandwidth, security, power consumption, collisions, simulations, and topology control due to moving nodes. In mobile ad hoc network we cannot use the existing techniques for better quality as we are using in fixed wireless network for better efficiency. In this paper we not only compare the performance of ad-hoc routing protocols in order to prove its correctness, efficiency, traffic load and end to end delay in dynamic intermediate nodes senario but also to implement OPNET simulator in AODV and DSR routing protocols. we proposed OPNET simulator to check performance with respect to different parameters that mobility model changes have a significant impact on their performance in different ways to support QOS. By proposing OPNET which results the combined performance of both AODV and DSR routing protocol could be best solution for routing in MANET, instead of separate performance of both AODV and DSR and also in intermediate nodes data transfer rate from source to destination.

关键词： performance comparision Mobility reactive protocols MANET,OPNET

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF reactive AND PROACTIVE protocols FOR AD-HOC SENSOR NETWORKS USING DIFFERENT RADIO MODELS

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Journal of Interconnection Networks 2007年第4期8卷 387-405页

作者： TAO YANG LEONARD BAROLLI MAKOTO IKEDA ARJAN DURRESI FATOS XHAFA Graduate School of Engineering Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT) 3-30-1 Wajiro-Higashi Higashi-Ku Fukuoka 811-0295 Japan Department of Information and Communication Engineering Fukuoka Institute of Technology (FIT) 3-30-1 Wajiro-Higashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 811-0295 Japan Department of Computer and Information Science Indiana University Perdue University Indianapolis 723 W. Michigan Street SL 280 Indianapolis IN 46202 USA Polytechnic University of Catalonia Department of Languages and Informatics Systems C/Jordi Girona 1-3 08034 Barcelona Spain

In this paper, we consider the behavior of a wireless ad-hoc sensor network for different radio models. By means of simulations, we analyze the performance of three protocols: AODV, DSR, and DSDV considering two radio models TwoRayGround and Shadowing. In difference with other works, we generalize the type of radio model by allowing the path loss randomnesses to be present in the service environment of the network. We study the perceived Goodput and Depletion of the ad-hoc sensor network and compare the performance of three protocols for different scenarios. The simulation results confirm the fact that the shadowing phenomena, by destroying the regularity of the network, reduce the mean distance among nodes and at the same time increase the interference level and the latency of packet transmission. In particular, we found a maximum relative difference of 70%. On the other hand, for the proactive DSDV routing protocol the energy consumption rate seems to be independent of the radio model, at least for moderate size of the network (256 nodes). Also, we found that the packet delivery ratio of AODV and DSR routing protocols are more stable than DSDV protocol.

关键词： Sensor networks Sensor-actor networks Ad-hoc networks Radio models reactive protocols Proactive protocols

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Mobility patterns for mobile ad hoc network using OLSR

Mobility patterns for mobile ad hoc network using OLSR

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International Conference on Emerging Technologies

作者： Mirza, KA Iqbal, A PIEAS CIS DEPTT Islamabad Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)0780392477

Distributed mobility patterns based on relative speed, direction of mobile nodes with variable communication. On range in mobile ad hoc networks are proposed. In these patterns, transient disturbances in routing tables and neighbor lot tables due to fast moving nodes and their effect on performance network is considered. We introduced the concept of communication range and remoteness for mobile nodes and integrate these with the mobility of nodes through random waypoint mobility model. We characterized the mobility of nodes with new mobility patterns through optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, without breaking the backward compatibility with earlier versions, Simulation results show that communication range should have value constraint according to mobility of node within network. Throughput also increases during mobility of nodes after establishing bidirectional link without any forwarding node as compared to static network.

关键词： battery power link change rate throughput mobile ad hoc networks reactive protocols proactive protocols

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