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A retrodirective array Enabled by CMOS Chips for Two-Way Wireless Communication with Automatic Beam Tracking

Engineering 2024年第6期37卷 196-207页

作者： Jiacheng Guo Yizhu Shen Guoqing Dong Zhuang Han Sanming Hu State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210096China Purple Mountain Laboratories Nanjing 211111China

This article proposes and demonstrates a retrodirective array(RDA)for two-way wireless communication with automatic beam *** proposed RDA is enabled by specifically designed chips made using a domestic complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)*** highly integrated CMOS chip includes a receiving(Rx)chain,a transmitting(Tx)chain,and a unique tracking phaselocked loop(PLL)for the crucial conjugated phase recovery in the *** article also proposes a method to reduce the beam pointing error(BPE)in a conventional *** validate the above ideas simply yet without loss of generality,a 2.4 GHz RDA is demonstrated through two-way communication links between the Rx and Tx chains,and an on-chip quadrature coupler is designed to achieve a nonretrodirective signal suppression of 23 *** experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RDA,which incorporates domestically manufactured low-cost 0.18 lm CMOS chips,is capable of automatically tracking beams covering±40with a reduced *** CMOS chip in the RDA has a compact size of 4.62 mm^(2) and a low power consumption of 0.15 *** the best of the authors’knowledge,this is the first research to demonstrate an RDA with a fully customized CMOS chip for wireless communication with automatic beam tracking。

关键词： Automatic beam tracking CMOS retrodirective array Two-way communication

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Dual-Frequency retrodirective array Adopting Cascode Resistive Mixer for Duplexing Communication

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES 2025年

作者： Park, Jeong-Hun Lee, Moon-Que Univ Seoul Sch Elect & Comp Engn Seoul 02504 South Korea

This article proposes a novel dual-frequency retrodirective array system introducing cascode resistive FET mixers in duplex mode. The cascode resistive FET mixer serves as a phase conjugation mixer (PCM) in Tx mode and an RF amplifier in Rx mode with the local oscillator (LO) port for dual paths of LO and RF signals, removing the need for a directional coupler to extract a modulated RF signal in Rx mode. The dual-frequency technique with a significant frequency gap and a high-order RF filter facilitates high data rate and long-distance communication. The RF and IF signals of 8.5 GHz (Rx) and 9.5 GHz (Tx), respectively, along with an RF band-stop filter (BSF), were used to achieve the desired frequency gap and high RF-IF isolation. The proposed retrodirective system supports full-duplex mode with ASK modulation and BPSK demodulation, as well as half-duplex mode with BPSK modulation and demodulation. The fabricated cascode resistive FET mixer showed a conversion gain of 6.6 +/- 0.8 dB with an LO power of 15 dBm in Tx mode and a gain of 11.5 +/- 0.3 dB in Rx mode at the frequency range of 8.45-8.55 GHz. The RF-IF isolation of the phase conjugator comprising the mixer and RSF was obtained as 24.2-33.8 dB at 8.45-8.55 GHz. The proposed retrodirective array system successfully demonstrated a 50-Mb/s BPSK data communication and achieved a 3-dB beamwidth of 100(degrees), featuring autonomous retrodirective beam steering.

关键词： Cascode resistive mixer duplexing commu-nication phase-conjugating mixer retrodirective array retrodirective array RF-IF isolation RF-IF isolation

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Age of Information for Short-Packet Covert Communication with Time Modulated retrodirective array

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China Communications 2024年第4期21卷 23-37页

作者： Ma Yue Ma Ruiqian Lin Zhi Yang Weiwei Cai Yueming Miao Chen Wu Wen Key Laboratory of Near-Range RF Sensing ICs&Microsystems(NJUST) Ministry of EducationSchool of Electronic and Optical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China College of Electronic Engineering National University of Defense TechnologyHefei 230037China College of Communications Engineering Army Engineering University of PLANanjing 210007China

In this paper,the covert age of information(CAoI),which characterizes the timeliness and covertness performance of communication,is first investigated in the short-packet covert communication with time modulated retrodirective array(TMRDA).Specifically,the TMRDA is designed to maximize the antenna gain in the target direction while the side lobe is sufficiently *** this basis,the covertness constraint and CAoI are derived in closed *** facilitate the covert transmission design,the transmit power and block-length are jointly optimized to minimize the CAoI,which demonstrates the trade-off between covertness and *** results illustrate that there exists an optimal block-length that yields the minimum CAoI,and the presented optimization results can achieve enhanced performance compared with the fixed block-length ***,we observe that smaller beam pointing error at Bob leads to improvements in CAoI.

关键词： age of information covert communication retrodirective array time modulation

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Covert Communication Using Time Modulated retrodirective array

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2024年第2期13卷 510-514页

作者： Ma, Yue Ma, Ruiqian Yang, Weiwei Miao, Chen Cai, Yueming Wu, Wen Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol Sch Elect & Opt Engn Key Lab Near Range RF Sensing ICs & Microsyst NJUS Minist Educ Nanjing 210094 Peoples R China Natl Univ Def Technol Coll Elect Engn Hefei 230037 Peoples R China Army Engn Univ PLA Coll Commun Engn Nanjing 210007 Peoples R China

In this letter, a novel covert communication strategy that utilizes a time modulated retrodirective array (TMRDA) is proposed to enhance communication covertness. Typically, beamforming (BF) is designed via employing cuckoo search (CS), in which the sidelobes are significantly suppressed. Then, the closed-form expression of covertness constraint is derived by considering the beam characteristic of TMRDA. On this basis, the block length and transmit power are further optimized to maximize the covert throughput. Our numerical results reveal the superiority of the proposed scheme over the existing covert communication strategies.

关键词： Radio frequency Optimization array signal processing Throughput Electronic mail Wireless communication Signal to noise ratio Covert communication time modulation retrodirective array

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A 6-Element Helical retrodirective array for High Power Wireless Power Transmission

A 6-Element Helical Retrodirective Array for High Power Wire...

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IEEE Wireless Power Technology Conference and Expo (WPTCE)

作者： Mardani, Hossein Buchanan, Neil Queens Univ Belfast Ctr Wireless Innovat Northern Ireland Sci Pk Queens Rd Belfast Antrim North Ireland

ISBN: (纸本)9798350349146;9798350349139

In this paper we provide the test results of a 6-element, high power, phased array antenna used for radiative wireless power transmission. A retrodirective approach is used to target the power transmission in a desired direction. The frequency used for the power transmission is 2.496GHz which lies in the 2.4-2.5GHz ISM frequency band. We used a 6 element array of helical antennas to transmit the electromagnetic power. retrodirective operation was practically validated for the 6 element array with total transmit power of 60W (10W per element) at up to 84% drain efficiency at the transmit power amplifiers. The tests have been carried out in the Queen's University Belfast anechoic chamber at the Centre of Wireless Innovation (CWI).

关键词： WPT retrodirective array Helical antenna Phased array

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A 5 GHz-Band 2x2 Reflection-Type retrodirective array with Stacked Stripline Phase Conjugate Circuit

A 5 GHz-Band 2x2 Reflection-Type Retrodirective Array with S...

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Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC)

作者： Honma, Yusaku Temga, Jean Furuichi, Tomoyuki Shiba, Takashi Suematsu, Noriharu Tohoku Univ Res Inst Elect Commun Sendai Miyagi Japan Tohoku Univ Grad Sch Engn Sendai Miyagi Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9784902339567

Aiming backscatter communication range extension, a 2x2 reflection-type retrodirective array (RDA) is designed and fabricated. To achieve the compact size of the RDA, stripline type 2-D phase conjugate circuit using broadside 3 dB couplers is employed. In this paper, the design of the proposed RDA is described. Newly developed measurement setup and measured results of the 2-D RDA are presented. Within the range of +/- 30 degrees in both x and y axis from the front direction, the main beam direction of the RDA measured re-radiation patterns agrees with the simulation results.

关键词： retrodirective array broadside coupler backscatter re-radiation antenna measurement microwaves

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Wideband HF Van Atta retrodirective array: Study and Design

Wideband HF Van Atta Retrodirective Array: Study and Design

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IEEE International Symposium on Phased array Systems and Technology (PAST)

作者： Yen, Songyi Filipovic, Dejan S. Univ Colorado Dept Elect Comp & Energy Engn Boulder CO 80309 USA

ISBN: (数字)9781665441667

ISBN: (纸本)9781665441667

An active ultra-wideband Van Atta retrodirective array for HF operation is investigated. The array is enabled by an ultra-wideband element, consisting of a TEM horn combined with a loop, allowing for instantaneous coverage of the entire 2-30 MHz HF band. The antenna fits within a 3-meter radius sphere which corresponds to ka of 0.5 and 1 at 7.95 and 15.9 MHz, respectively. For instantaneous un-tuned operation, the total efficiencies are 10% and 79% at the two frequencies, respectively. The retrodirective behavior of the array is characterized using the monostatic and bistatic radar cross section responses. Simulated validation of the RCS synthesis method applied to this array is presented giving confidence to use of the method for the further analyses presented. The quality of the retrodirective behavior of the array with different element counts as well as active enhancement of the retrodirective scattering using amplification in the Van Atta beamforming network is discussed demonstrating good potential across the entire HF band.

关键词： retrodirective array Van Atta array radar cross section HF ultra-wideband

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A Wide-Angle and PON Fully Polarimetric retrodirective array at the X Band

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MICROMACHINES 2024年第12期15卷 1418-1418页

作者： Zhao, Shuangdi Chen, Lei Pan, Jicheng Zhang, Tianling Xidian Univ Key Lab Antennas & Microwave Technol Xian 710071 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Guangzhou Inst Technol Xian 710071 Peoples R China

A new type of fully polarimetric retrodirective array (RDA) using a PON-type structure is proposed in this paper. The fully polarimetric property is the result of the proposed phase conjugation circuits, which perform phase conjugation processing on the x, y, and z polarization electric field components of the incident wave when combined with a tri-polarized antenna array. It enables the retrodirective array to receive and retransmit an arbitrary polarized incident wave. The measured results of the monostatic radar cross-section (RCS) show that the -5 dB beam width of the array was greater than 95 degrees at 9.6 GHz for different polarized incident waves. Furthermore, the proposed RDA has better retrodirectivity performance on arbitrary polarized incident waves when using a wide-beam antenna, and if we further incorporate modulation and demodulation into the circuits, it has the potential to be applied to the wireless communications field.

关键词： retrodirective array tri-polarized PON scattering matrix multiport network wide-angle

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A 4x4 Planar Dual-Polarization retrodirective array

A 4x4 Planar Dual-Polarization Retrodirective Array

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International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP)

作者： Li, Xiao-Fei Ban, Yong-Ling Univ Elect Sci & Technol China Sch Elect Sci & Engn Chengdu Sichuan Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665431132

The passive retrodirective array (RDA) can increase the RCS of the antenna array in a wide-angle range without excitation. In this work, we design a Planar Dual-polarization retrodirective array which has the polarization rotation function. Because more transmission lines are needed, the complexity of the RDA with polarization rotation function is twice that of the ordinary RDA. By designing the phase conjugation network with a multi-layer structure, we place 16 transmission lines of equal length in a small antenna aperture. The simulation results show that the RDA's 3dB beamwidth of the Monostatic RCS is about +/- 40 degrees which has a great improvement in the wide-angle range compared with the metal plane of the same size.

关键词： retrodirective array Van Atta array phase conjugation network RCS enhancement

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Circularly Polarized retrodirective array for Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer

Circularly Polarized Retrodirective Array for Far-Field Wire...

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IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC)

作者： Guo, Jiacheng Wang, Jun Hu, Sanming Southeast Univ State Key Lab Millimeter Waves Sch Informat Sci & Engn Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

ISBN: (数字)9781728135175

ISBN: (纸本)9781728135175

In this paper, a circularly polarized retrodirective array for far field wireless power transfer (WPT) is presented. By using phase conjugation, the retransmitted wave can adjust the direction to the source automatically. A receiver is also used to show the WPT process. From the experiment, the proposed system can be a good candidate for WPT applications.

关键词： retrodirective array wireless power transfer circularly polarized antenna

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