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road development and market access on Nicaragua's Atlantic coast: implications for household fishing and farming practices

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 2009年第4期36卷 289-300页

作者： Schmitt, Kristen M. Kramer, Daniel B. Michigan State Univ Dept Fisheries & Wildlife E Lansing MI 48823 USA Michigan State Univ James Madison Coll E Lansing MI 48824 USA Michigan State Univ Dept Fisheries & Wildlife E Lansing MI 48824 USA

The simplistic portrayal of road development as a classic environment versus development debate may be because the indirect pathways connecting road building with environmental change are poorly understood. Recent road development in previously remote regions of Nicaragua provides an opportunity to investigate these pathways. This paper examines the effects of increased market access on household resource use on the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua. Specifically, it looks at shifting market flow and price changes for natural resources and corresponding fishing and farming decisions in communities with varying degrees of market access before and after road completion. Fisheries markets were more responsive to market access increases than agricultural markets. With increased access, fishers increasingly sold to non-local buyers, overall export of fisheries' products increased and markets for new products emerged. Prices of fisheries goods were higher with proximity to markets and availability of non-local export outlets, and prices for some were more stable after the road was completed. There were no observed changes in household fishing and farming investments during the year-long study, and therefore the environmental implications of increased market access remain uncertain. Longer-term studies and additional biological monitoring are needed to determine the full environmental consequences of market access.

关键词： Atlantic coast farming investment fishing investment household decisions market access Nicaragua price change road development

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Large scale spatio-temporal patterns of road development in the Amazon rainforest

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION 2014年第3期41卷 253-264页

作者： Ahmed, Sadia E. Ewers, Robert M. Smith, Matthew J. Microsoft Res Sci Computat Lab Computat Ecol & Environm Sci Grp Cambridge CB1 2FB England Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med Dept Life Sci Ascot SL5 7PY Berks England

There is burgeoning interest in predicting road development because of the wide ranging important socioeconomic and environmental issues that roads present, including the close links between road development, deforestation and biodiversity loss. This is especially the case in developing nations, which are high in natural resources, where road development is rapid and often not centrally managed. Characterization of large scale spatio-temporal patterns in road network development has been greatly overlooked to date. This paper examines the spatio-temporal dynamics of road density across the Brazilian Amazon and assesses the relative contributions of local versus neighbourhood effects for temporal changes in road density at regional scales. To achieve this, a combination of statistical analyses and model-data fusion techniques inspired by studies of spatio-temporal dynamics of populations in ecology and epidemiology were used. The emergent development may be approximated by local growth that is logistic through time and directional dispersal. The current rates and dominant direction of development may be inferred, by assuming that roads develop at a rate of 55 km per year. Large areas of the Amazon will be subject to extensive anthropogenic change should the observed patterns of road development continue.

关键词： anthropogenic effects Brazilian Amazon infrastructure road development spatio-temporal dynamics statistical inference

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SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF road development IN ETHIOPIA: CASE STUDIES OF GENDEWUHA - GELAGO, MILE – WELDIYA AND GINCHI - KACHISI roadS

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA: CASE ...

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作者： Belew Dagnew Bogale UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

学位级别：博士

Like many other economic and social activities that are infrastructure-intensive, the transport sector is an important component of the economy impacting on national, regional and local development as well as the welfare of citizens. An efficient transport infrastructure provides a multitude of socioeconomic opportunities and benefits with positive multiplier effects such as better accessibility to markets, employment, education and health. If it is well managed, transport infrastructure transforms the quality of life of residents through dynamic externalities it generates. But when infrastructure is deficient in terms of capacity, efficiency or reliability, it can have unwarranted economic costs due to reduced or missed opportunities. Despite its central role in rural development, little is known about the extent and impact of the various benefits that arise from the development of roads, particularly in developing countries. A large body of literature exists documenting the spatial patterns of socioeconomic development which can be induced by road infrastructure development processes and are in most cases dynamic and temporal. The impacts of a given road infrastructure development can also be analysed at the local, regional or national perspectives. The local impact is expected to be limited to the immediate neighbourhoods of the highway including tukuls, towns and villages to be found on both sides of the road within a distance of 5kms defining the influence zone. Based on this, the main objective of this research is to assess socioeconomic impacts of road infrastructure development of three newly developed highways on their respective surrounding communities 5-10 years after the interventions. Two of the highways are gravel surfaced and one is paved type. The respective study names are: Gendewuha – Gelago road (Corridor 1), Mile – Weldiya road (Corridor 2) and Ginchi – Kachisi road (Corridor 3). Their respective lengths are 165; 125; and 105 kilometres, while th

关键词： Access accessibility change corridor COZ highway impacts intervention road development socioeconomic spatial temporal transport ZOI

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Even minor logging road development can decrease the functional diversity of forest bird communities: Evidence from a biodiversity hotspot

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FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2023年第1期534卷

作者： Wu, Nan Hu, Baoshuang Wang, Yao Qin, Yaoxin Ma, Guofei He, Hua Zhou, Youbing China Three Gorges Univ Engn Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Three Gorges Reservoir Re Minist Educ Yichang 443002 Peoples R China Adm Shennongjia Natl Pk Shennongjia 442421 Peoples R China

Although the effects of major roads and highways on biodiversity have received considerable attention, there is a lack of research considering how smaller and less-used roads might also impact wildlife, especially during the initial re-used development phase of abandoned roads, despite these minor roads being much more extensive and pervasive. Here, we examined how even minor redevelopment of former-abandoned logging roads can impact bird community alpha and beta diversity indices at the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic levels in a biodiversity conservation hotspot in central China. The minor redevelopment (i.e., re-paved) of formerabandoned roads generally reduced bird alpha and beta diversity compared to undeveloped abandoned roads, especially at the functional level. Compared with continuous-use roads, minor road redevelopment shows only a slight impact on avian diversity. Notably, compared to old-growth forest reference stands and undeveloped abandoned roads, minor road redevelopments have negative effects on the recovery process of avian diversity. Furthermore, the structure and composition of the high tree layer significantly affected avian functional and phylogenetic diversity, and low shrub layer vegetation mainly influenced taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity. To mitigate the effects of minor forest logging roads on avian biodiversity in priority biodiversity conservation areas, we propose the following: (1) roads that have fallen into disuse should be allowed and encouraged to renaturalise;(2) roads should only be paved, and cleared back as strictly necessary, allowing grassy or gravel roads to suffice where possible;and (3) if road development is necessary, key umbrella tree species should be planted deliberately to support maximal community diversity and to maintain ecosystem functions and processes.

关键词： Biodiversity indices Birds Abandoned logging roads road development Alpha and beta diversity Taxonomic functional and phylogenetic diversity

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Analysis of road development and associated agricultural land use change

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018年第1期190卷 5-5页

作者： Alphan, Hakan Cukurova Univ Dept Landscape Architecture Balcali Campus TR-01330 Adana Turkey

development of road network is one of the strongest drivers of habitat fragmentation. It interferes with ecological processes that are based on material and energy flows between landscape patches. Therefore, changes in temporal patterns of roads may be regarded as important landscape-level environmental indicators. The aim of this study is to analyze road development and associated agricultural land use change near the town of Erdemli located in the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The study area has witnessed an unprecedented development of agriculture since the 2000s. This process has resulted with the expansion of the road network. Associations between agricultural expansion and road development were investigated. High-resolution satellite images of 2004 and 2015 were used to analyze spatial and temporal dimensions of change. Satellite images were classified using a binary approach, in which land areas were labeled as either "agriculture" or "non-agriculture." road networks were digitized manually. The study area was divided into 23 sublandscapes using a regular grid with 1-km cell spacing. Percentage of landscape (PL) for agriculture and road density (RD) metrics were calculated for the earlier (2004) and later (2015) years. Metric calculations were performed separately for each of the 23 sublandscapes in order to understand spatial diversity of agriculture and road density. Study results showed that both RD and PL exhibited similar increasing trends between 2004 and 2015.

关键词： road development Landscape structure Land use Agriculture

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Contextual phases in the institutionalization of the environmental assessment of road development in Cameroon

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Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 2007年第2期25卷 139-148页

作者： Bitondo, Dieudonné André, Pierre University of Dschang Biyem Assi Yaoundé PO Box 30465 Cameroon Department of Geography University of Montreal Montréal QC H3C 3J7 C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville Canada

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the institutionalization of the environmental assessment (EA) of road development in Cameroon is context-sensitive. A content analysis of literature and key stakeholders' interviews reveals that socio-economic processes of the 1990s guided by, among others, the concepts of sustainable development, poverty reduction and good governance shaped the context of forestry and environmental policy reforms that led to the institutionalization of EA of road development. The Rio Earth Summit, the involvement of donors and non-governmental organizations in release mechanism programmes and projects enhanced this process. With this background, three phases were determined: the marginality phase (before 1992), when roads were constructed without EA, a general formalization phase (1992-1994), during which a nationwide EA framework was promulgated, and a specialization phase (after 1996), when the implementation of EA of road development became operational, even before the nationwide system. An understanding of the context must be included in the institutionalization process of EA, especially in developing countries. © IAIA 2007.

关键词： Cameroon Context-sensitive Environmental assessment Institutionalization road development

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Joint road toll pricing and capacity development in discrete transport network design problem

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TRANSPORTATION 2017年第4期44卷 731-752页

作者： Xu, Meng Wang, Guangmin Grant-Muller, Susan Gao, Ziyou Beijing Jiaotong Univ State Key Lab Rail Traff Control & Safety 3 Shangyuan Residence Beijing 100044 Peoples R China China Univ Geosci Sch Econ & Management Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Univ Leeds Inst Transport Studies 34-40 Univ Rd Leeds LS2 9JT W Yorkshire England Beijing Jiaotong Univ Sch Traff & Transportat 3 Shangyuan Residence Beijing 100044 Peoples R China

The paper demonstrates a method to determine road network improvements that also involve the use of a road toll charge, taking the perspective of the government or authority. A general discrete network design problem with a road toll pricing scheme, to minimize the total travel time under a budget constraint, is proposed. This approach is taken in order to determine the appropriate level of road toll pricing whilst simultaneously addressing the need for capacity. The proposed approach is formulated as a bi-level programming problem. The optimal road capacity improvement and toll level scheme is investigated with respect to the available budget levels and toll revenues.

关键词： Toll pricing road development Discrete network design problem (DNDP) Bilevel programming Relaxation algorithm

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Green infrastructure development at European Union's eastern border: Effects of road infrastructure and forest habitat loss

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017年 193卷 300-311页

作者： Angelstam, Per Khaulyak, Olha Yamelynets, Taras Mozgeris, Gintautas Naumov, Vladimir Chmielewski, Tadeusz J. Elbakidze, Marine Manton, Michael Prots, Bohdan Valasiuk, Sviataslau Swedish Univ Agr Sci Fac Forest Sci Sch Forest Management Forest Landscape Soc Network POB 43 SE-73921 Skinnskatteberg Sweden Ivan Franko Natl Univ Fac Geog Doroshenko St 41 UA-79000 Lvov Ukraine WWF Danube Carpathian Programme Mushaka St 42 UA-79000 Lvov Ukraine Aleksandras Stulginskis Univ Inst Forest Management & Wood Sci Studentu 13 LT-53362 Akademija Kauno R Lithuania Univ Life Sci Lublin Dept Landscape Ecol & Nat Conservat Dobrzanskiego St 37 PL-20262 Lublin Poland Aleksandras Stulginskis Univ Inst Forest Biol & Silviculture Studentu 13 LT-53362 Akademija Kauno R Lithuania Natl Acad Sci Ukraine State Museum Nat Hist 18 Teatralna St UA-79008 Lvov Ukraine Natl Acad Sci Belarus Ctr Biol Resources Dept Wildlife Conservat Akad Skaya St 27 Minsk 220072 BELARUS

The functionality of forest patches and networks as green infrastructure may be affected negatively both by expanding road networks and forestry intensification. We assessed the effects of (1) the current and planned road infrastructure, and (2) forest loss and gain, on the remaining large forest landscape massifs as green infrastructure at the EU's eastern border region in post -socialistic transition. First, habitat patch and network functionality in 1996-98 was assessed using habitat suitability index modelling. Second, we made expert interviews about road development with planners in 10 administrative regions in Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. Third, forest loss and gain inside the forest massifs, and gain outside them during the period 2001-14 were measured. This EU cross -border region hosts four remaining forest massifs as regional green infrastructure hotspots. While Poland's road network is developing fast in terms of new freeways, city bypasses and upgrades of road quality, in Belarus and Ukraine the focus is on maintenance of existing roads, and no new corridors. We conclude that economic support from the EU, and thus rapid development of roads in Poland, is likely to reduce the permeability for wildlife of the urban and agricultural matrix around existing forest massifs. However, the four identified forest massifs themselves, forming the forest landscape green infrastructure at the EU's east border, were little affected by road development plans. In contrast, forest loss inside massifs was high, especially in Ukraine. Only in Poland forest loss was balanced by gain. Forest gain outside forest massifs was low. To conclude, pro-ctive and collaborative spatial planning across different sectors and countries is needed to secure functional forest green infrastructure as base for biodiversity conservation and human well-being. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Biodiversity Ecosystem services Functional habitat networks road development Forest loss and gain development co-operation

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Cumulative impacts of road developments in floodplains

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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT 2012年第5期17卷 398-404页

作者： Beevers, Lindsay Douven, Wim Lazuardi, Helmi Verheij, Henk UNESCO IHE Inst Water Educ NL-2611 DA Delft Netherlands Deltares NL-2600 MH Delft Netherlands

This paper investigates the impact of differing road development strategies in floodplains for increasing levels of road expansion, focusing on hydraulic characteristics of floods such as water level, velocity and inundation duration and extent. Cumulative impacts are presented in term of both a resistant approach where road transport infrastructure has the secondary purpose of flood dykes and, a resilience approach that maintains the floodplain hydraulics through the use of flow through structures. Each method is examined in the context of road development in the Cambodian Mekong floodplain. Results indicate that resistance approaches necessitate higher levels of road structures, designed to higher technical specifications, whilst resilience approaches maintain the hydraulic character of floodplains but require the inclusion of well-designed flow through structures with localized scour protection. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： road development Floodplain Hydraulics Overland flow regime resilience

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Increasing development in the surroundings of U S National Park Service holdings jeopardizes park effectiveness

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JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011年第1期92卷 229-239页

作者： Gimmi, Urs Schmidt, Shelley L. Hawbaker, Todd J. Alcantara, Camilo Gafvert, Ulf Radeloff, Volker C. Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL Land Use Dynam CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland Univ Wisconsin Dept Forest & Wildlife Ecol Madison WI USA Natl Pk Serv Great Lakes Inventory & Monitoring Program Ashland WI USA

Protected areas are cornerstones of biodiversity conservation but they are in danger of becoming Islands in a sea of human dominated landscapes Our question was if protected areas may even foster development in their surroundings because they provide amenities that attract development thus causing the isolation of the ecosystems they were designed to protect Our study analyzed historic aerial photographs and topographical maps to reconstruct road development and building growth within and around Indiana Dunes and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshores in the US Great Lakes region from 1938 to 2005 and to estimate the effects of park creation in 1966 on changes in landscape patterns Historic US census housing density data were used as a baseline to compare observed changes to Our results showed that park establishment was effective in reducing and stopping the fragmenting impact of development within park boundaries However Increased amenity levels following park establishment led to enhanced development in the surroundings of both parks In the extreme case of Indiana Dunes building density outside the park increased from 45 to 200 buildings/km(2) and road density almost doubled from 3 6 to 66 km/km(2) from 1938 to 2005 development rates of change were much higher than in the broader landscape particularly after park establishment The potential amenity effect was up to 9500 new buildings in the 3 2-km zone around Indiana Dunes between 1966 and 2005 For Pictured Rocks the absolute effect was smaller but up to 70% of the observed building growth was potentially due to amenity effects Our findings highlight the need for conservation planning at broader scales incorporating areas beyond the boundaries of protected areas (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

关键词： Protected areas Park effectiveness road development Housing growth Landscape fragmentation Great Lakes

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