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road pricing for congestion control with unknown demand and cost functions

TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART C-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2010年第2期18卷 157-175页

作者： Yang, Hai Xu, Wei He, Bing-sheng Meng, Qiang Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Dept Civil Engn Kowloon Hong Kong Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Sch Management & Engn Nanjing 210008 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Dept Math Nanjing 210008 Peoples R China Natl Univ Singapore Dept Civil Engn Singapore 117548 Singapore

It is widely recognized that precise estimation of road tolls for various pricing schemes requires a few pieces of information such as origin-destination demand functions, link travel time functions and users' valuations of travel time savings, which are, however, not all readily available in practice. To circumvent this difficulty, we develop a convergent trial-and-error implementation method for a particular pricing scheme for effective congestion control when both the link travel time functions and demand functions are unknown. The congestion control problem of interest is also known as the traffic restraint and road pricing problem, which aims at finding a set of effective link toll patterns to reduce link flows to below a desirable target level. For the generalized traffic equilibrium problem formulated as variational inequalities, we propose an iterative two-stage approach with a self-adaptive step size to update the link toll pattern based on the observed link flows and given flow restraint levels. Link travel time and demand functions and users' value of time are not needed. The convergence of the iterative toll adjustment algorithm is established theoretically and demonstrated on a set of numerical examples. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： road pricing Congestion control Traffic equilibrium Unknown demand

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road pricing: How people perceive a hypothetical introduction. The case of Lyon

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TRANSPORT POLICY 2014年 36卷 192-205页

作者： Pronello, Cristina Rappazzo, Valentina Univ Lyon 2 Lab Econ Transports F-69007 Lyon France Politecn Torino Interuniv Dept Reg & Urban Studies & Planning I-10125 Turin Italy Lab Econ Transports F-69007 Lyon France

Following Singapore (1975), some metropolitan areas introduced pricing schemes to make car users aware of the real costs of their trip. This research looks at citizens' reactions to the hypothetical introduction of a road pricing scheme in Lyon (France). People's perceptions were investigated through a sample of 61 persons selected according to a stratified sampling plan. A web-questionnaire was administered to the participants, and eight focus groups were then organised, each including about 7-8 persons. The focus groups allowed us to investigate the participants' opinions, emotions, and reactions to the hypothetical introduction of different road pricing schemes in the urban area. This research has largely confirmed what found in previous studies and its key additional contribution is the clustering of citizens according to their reactions. Different groups of people showed dissimilar attitudes and opinions about the effect of road pricing, but the whole sample agreed upon the need for a coherent policy both for transport planning and management in the Lyon metropolitan area, while respecting freedom of mobility. In fact, citizens expect that a reduction of their freedom to move by car should be compensated with a strong and clear policy to improve the alternative modes and want to know clearly how revenues will be spent. A clear communication policy should be defined and this should be tailored according to the different groups defined in this paper. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： road pricing Urban transport policy Willingness to pay Focus group Citizens' opinions Travel behaviour

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road pricing with complications

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TRANSPORTATION 2013年第3期40卷 479-503页

作者： Fosgerau, Mogens Van dender, Kurt DTU Transport Lyngby Denmark Ctr Transport Studies Stockholm Sweden Joint Transport Res Ctr Int Transport Forum & OEC F-75755 Paris 16 France

The rationale for congestion charges is that by internalising the marginal external congestion cost, they restore efficiency in the transport market. In the canonical model underlying this view, congestion is a static phenomenon, users are taken to be homogenous, there is no travel time risk, and a highly stylised model of congestion is used. The simple analysis also ignores that real pricing schemes are only rough approximations to ideal systems and that inefficiencies in related markets potentially affect the case for congestion charges. The canonical model tends to understate the marginal external congestion cost because it ignores user heterogeneity and trip timing inefficiencies. With respect to the relevance of interactions between congestion and congestion charges and tax distortions and distributional concerns, recent insights point out that there is no general case for modifying charges for such interactions. Therefore the simple Pigouvian rule remains a good first approximation for the design of road charging systems.

关键词： Congestion Congestion pricing road pricing Tolling Externalities

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road pricing acceptability and persuasive communication effectiveness

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TRANSPORT POLICY 2022年 125卷 179-191页

作者： Hsieh, Hsu-Sheng Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ Inst Publ Affairs Management Kaohsiung Taiwan

To facilitate coercive policy implementation encountering public opposition, this study focuses on road pricing policy (1) to examine an integrated framework accommodating the relationships between participation in administration, trust in government, fairness, freedom infringement, public opinion, and policy acceptability;and (2) to analyze the effect of persuasive communication with request and advice methods on policy acceptability. Using data from 175 participants in Taiwan, results find that participation in administration increases procedural fairness, which and distributive fairness via scenario fairness improve acceptability;however, freedom infringement reduces acceptability. Public opinion affects acceptability directly and indirectly through scenario fairness. Moreover, persuasive communication does not change overall acceptability but improves acceptability in the ethical aspect and for males, the middle-aged and elderly, and mixed-mode users. Findings suggest that governments should introduce public participation into coercive policy formulation and apply persuasive communication to policy acceptability improvement.

关键词： Coercive policy road pricing Public acceptance Public opinion Participation in administration Persuasive communication

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road pricing for congestion and accident externalities for mixed traffic of motorcycles and automobiles

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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART A-POLICY AND PRACTICE 2015年 71卷 153-166页

作者： Tsai, Jyh-Fa Chu, Chih-Peng Hu, Shou-Ren Natl Taipei Univ Grad Inst Urban Planning New Taipei City 23741 Taiwan Natl Dong Hwa Univ Dept Business Adm Shoufeng 97401 Hualien Taiwan Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Transportat & Commun Management Sci Tainan 70101 Taiwan

Motorcycles play an important role in sharing the trip demand with automobiles for commuting, especially in many cities in Asia. However, the accident cost of a trip by motorcycle is higher than that of an automobile. This study analyzes the road pricing for the congestion and accident externalities of mixed traffic of automobiles and motorcycles. A model for equilibrium trips with no taxation and that for optimal trips with taxation are explored. The model is then applied to the Tucheng City-Banciao City-Taipei central business district corridor in Taipei metropolitan area. The findings in this case study show that the tax for accident externality is larger than that for congestion externality. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Accident cost Motorcycle road pricing Congestion Externality

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road pricing in a polycentric urban region: Analysing a pilot project in Belgium

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TRANSPORT POLICY 2016年 52卷 134-142页

作者： De Vos, Jonas Univ Ghent Dept Geog Krijgslaan 281 S8 B-9000 Ghent Belgium

In order to cope with growing car use and congestion, academics often suggest road pricing as a way to reduce car use and internalise external costs (such as congestion and air pollution). However, implementations of road pricing schemes are rather limited and mainly focus on large cities (i.e., cordon charges). Recently, the three regional governments of Belgium a highly urbanised and polycentric country have commissioned a pilot project of an area-wide, time-and location-differentiated road pricing scheme, hence differentiating charges according to the time of the day and the type of road used. Results of this project indicate that kilometres travelled by car mainly reduce in urban areas, while car use on motorways only reduces to a limited degree. Furthermore, results indicate that urban residents adapt their travel behaviour more than suburban and rural residents, probably because urban dwellers have more alternatives to travel than driving personal cars only, especially on the short run. In this paper, we will analyse the preliminary outcomes of the conducted pilot project, look into the limitations of this project and suggest an alternative road pricing scheme. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Travel behaviour road pricing Belgium Residential location Land use

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road pricing and users' surplus

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TRANSPORT POLICY 2005年第6期12卷 477-487页

作者： Ferrari, P Univ Pisa Sch Engn I-56126 Pisa Italy

This paper presents an analysis of the urban transport system conducted in order to verify the existence of situations in which road pricing could produce not only a reduction in congestion and pollution, but also an increase in users' surplus. The results obtained by using a theoretical model of the transport system for urban areas travelled by private vehicles and public transport buses show that the efficiency of road pricing as a means to enhance user surplus essentially depends on how much part of the cost home by users of public transport is due to congestion and on the proportion of users who are captive to public transport. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： road pricing users' surplus urban transport system

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road pricing and port hinterland competitiveness: An application to the Hamburg-Le Havre range

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION 2016年第3期10卷 170-179页

作者： Meersman, Hilde Sys, Christa Van de Voorde, Eddy Vanelslander, Thierry Univ Antwerp Dept Transport & Reg Econ Prinsstr 13 B-2000 Antwerp Belgium

road pricing is drawing ever greater attention, not only as a means for funding infrastructure investment, but also as a way of eliminating negative externalities associated with land-based transport. The goal is to improve the environmental sustainability of such transport while maintaining its economic viability. As road transport continues to be the most prominent mode of hinterland transportation to and from seaports, road pricing may be assumed to impact on the competitiveness of those ports. This article examines the extent to which this is the case by taking a micro-research approach. It analyzes how road pricing affects the cost functions of the various actors in the logistics chain and considers the potential impact of different setups and modalities in neighboring regions and countries.

关键词： Cost structure port competitiveness road pricing sustainable transport choice

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road pricing - AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

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TRANSPORTATION 1992年第4期19卷 313-333页

作者： MAY, AD UNIV LEEDS DEPT CIVIL ENGNLEEDS LS2 7JTENGLAND

This paper reviews experience with road pricing in Europe and Asia. It considers the objectives of road pricing, and demonstrates that differences in objectives lead to differences in scheme design and performance. It reviews the criteria for design of road pricing systems, and the development of charging structures and technologies to meet those criteria. In particular it discusses the relative merits of pre-determined and congestion-dependent charging structures, and of off-vehicle and on-vehicle charging systems. It assesses the performance of road pricing systems to date, discusses objections to road pricing and demonstrates that the role of road pricing within a wider transport strategy and the use made of the revenue generated, will be important determinants of public acceptability. Finally it assesses the relative merits of alternative approaches to implementation and argues that these will need to pay as much regard to public acceptability as to technical performance.

关键词： CHARGING STRUCTURES CHARGING TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY road pricing

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road pricing for hazardous materials transportation in urban networks

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NETWORKS & SPATIAL ECONOMICS 2008年第2-3期8卷 273-285页

作者： Garrido, Rodrigo A. Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Dept Transport Engn & Logist Santiago Chile

Today's industrial production relies heavily on inputs that pose potential threats to public health or the environment (hazmat). These hazmat must be safely transported from their origin to destination to be processed or properly disposed. Many unexpected events may result in hazmat spills exposing the population and the environment to severe damage. Combining available data sources, the two main components of the associated risks can be estimated: the probability of an accident during hazmat transportation, and the consequences associated to such an event. The social cost of these consequences can be internalized through an appropriate road price scheme.

关键词： hazmat road pricing urban transportation

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