In recent years, advances in miniaturization, low-power circuit design, simple, low power, yet reasonably efficient wireless communication equipment, and improved small-scale energy supplies have combined with reduced...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781450305570
In recent years, advances in miniaturization, low-power circuit design, simple, low power, yet reasonably efficient wireless communication equipment, and improved small-scale energy supplies have combined with reduced manufacturing costs to make a new technological vision possible, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). As WSN are still a young research field, much activity is still on-going to solve many open issues. One is the data routing problem. As the size of the network increases, this problem becomes more complex due the amount of sensor nodes in the network. The meta-heuristic Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) has been proposed to solve this issue. ACO based routing algorithms can add a significant contribution to assist in the maximisation of the network lifetime and in the minimisation of the latency in data transmissions, but this is only possible by means of an adaptable and balanced algorithm that takes into account the WSN main restrictions, for example, memory and power supply. A comparison of two ACO based routing algorithms for WSN is presented, taking into account current amounts of energy consumption under a WSN scenario proposed in this work. Furthermore, a new routing algorithm is defined.
The capacity of the conventional wireless mesh network (WMN) with single channel single radio is limited due to co-channel interference. To resolve this capacity limitation problem, multichannel multi-radio (MCMR) pro...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781467347280
The capacity of the conventional wireless mesh network (WMN) with single channel single radio is limited due to co-channel interference. To resolve this capacity limitation problem, multichannel multi-radio (MCMR) protocols have been proposed, and hybrid multi-channel protocol (HMCP) is a representative MCMR protocol. However, supporting delay sensitive realtime VoIP applications over high capacity MCMR-WMNs is still challenging problem. To support VoIP service over an MCMR WMN. we need the accurate call capacity model to estimate the feasible capacity region, and route computation algorithms for allocating the routes of voice calls within the feasible region to meet qnality-of-service (QoS) constraints and improve the call capacity. In this paper, we introduce a new voice call capacity model of HMCP on MCMR WMNs. Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed call capacity model accurately estimates the voice call capacity for G.711 and G.729 codecs within 5% of the actual call capacity. Also, we propose two QoS routing algorithms for finding feasible routes to meet QoS constraints as well as to improve the call capacity of network by utilizing the proposed call capacity model (i.e., feasibility considerations). By extensive simulations, our proposed QoS routing algorithms effectively protect voice calls and increase the call capacity.
Count-to-infinity problem is characteristic for routing algorithms based on the distributed implementation of the classical Bellman-Ford algorithm. In this paper a probabilistic solution to this problem is proposed. I...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9783319009452
Count-to-infinity problem is characteristic for routing algorithms based on the distributed implementation of the classical Bellman-Ford algorithm. In this paper a probabilistic solution to this problem is proposed. It is argued that by the use of a Bloom Filter added to the routing message the routing loops will with high probability not form. An experimental analysis of this solution for use in Wireless Sensor Networks in practice is also included.
The recently developed Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provides flexibility, scalability and reduce the cost of hardware for operators and vendors. In this paper, we propose four routing algorithms in SDN to minimiz...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781509028931
The recently developed Software-Defined Networking (SDN) provides flexibility, scalability and reduce the cost of hardware for operators and vendors. In this paper, we propose four routing algorithms in SDN to minimize network latency and balance the traffic load of each switch link in a network. The first routing algorithm is the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm. The SPF algorithm can find the shortest path with maximum bottleneck bandwidth (MBB) among all shortest paths. The second algorithm is the bandwidth aware routing (BAR) algorithm. The BAR algorithm can find a path with MBB on a network. The third algorithm is the k-SPF, which can find a path with MBB among the first k shortest paths. Finally, our fourth algorithm k-BAR can find the shortest path among the first k MBB paths on a network. Simulation results show that the performance of our algorithms is better than previous works.
Energy and time consumption are the two most common challenges regarding communication optimization in the Wireless sensor network (WSN) routing algorithms. There are many different approaches for solving these two ma...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781728173764
Energy and time consumption are the two most common challenges regarding communication optimization in the Wireless sensor network (WSN) routing algorithms. There are many different approaches for solving these two major issues in WSNs. These approaches optimize over time or energy separately and yet rarely take into account multiple criteria when choosing the next hop on the route. In order to address this open problem in WSNs, it is advantageous to combine multiple criteria during the next hop selection step. In this paper, we propose a new concept called routing Ensembles. Our approach takes into account the individual selection criterion for the next hop using various multiple routing algorithms and applies a voting mechanism to decide on the next hop in the route collectively. We tested our routing ensemble with five well-known base routing methods, i.e., Greedy, NFP, MPoPR, MFR, and Compass and then selected the most voted node as the next hop. This process repeats until either the destination node is reached or the routing process fails. This concept was tested and validated using multiple simulated networks of varying sizes. The experimental analysis concluded that the routing ensembles allowed us to: (1) increase the delivery rate regardless of the network field size, (2) minimize both the energy and time consumption and (3) enhance the network performance only using traditional and directly routing algorithms.
Wireless ad-hoc networks are playing an important role in extending the implementation of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks, wireless LAN, etc). routing design in ad-hoc networks is a challenge be...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9783642312168
Wireless ad-hoc networks are playing an important role in extending the implementation of traditional wireless infrastructure (cellular networks, wireless LAN, etc). routing design in ad-hoc networks is a challenge because of limited node resources. Thus efficient data transmission techniques like multicasting are under scrutiny. The article analyzes and explores the performance of multicast heuristic algorithms without constraints and quality of multicast trees in ad-hoc networks and proves the thesis that well-known multicast heuristic algorithms designed for packet networks have a good performance in ad-hoc networks with grid structure.
Most Internet routing protocols have one of two algorithms lurking at their core - either Dijkstra's algorithm in the case of link-state protocols or a distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm in the case of distance-ve...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781479912704;9781479912704
Most Internet routing protocols have one of two algorithms lurking at their core - either Dijkstra's algorithm in the case of link-state protocols or a distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm in the case of distance-vector or path-vector protocols. When computing simple shortest paths these protocols can be modified to utilize all best paths with a combination of next-hop sets and Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) forwarding. We show that this picture breaks down even for simple modifications to the shortest path metric. This is illustrated with widest-shortest paths where among all shortest paths only those with greatest bandwidth are considered best. In this case Bellman-Ford and Dijkstra may compute different sets of paths and neither can compute all best paths. In addition, some paths computed by Dijkstra's algorithm cannot be implemented with next-hop forwarding. We provide a general algebraic model that helps to clarify such anomalies. This is accomplished by computing paths within the route metric rather than with specialized algorithmic extensions. Our results depend on the distinction between global and local optima that has hitherto been applied almost exclusively to more exotic routing protocols such as BGP.
Some of the routing algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks use multiple paths simultaneously. These algorithms can attempt to find node-disjoint paths to achieve higher fault tolerance capability. By using node-disjoint...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540770237
Some of the routing algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks use multiple paths simultaneously. These algorithms can attempt to find node-disjoint paths to achieve higher fault tolerance capability. By using node-disjoint paths, it is expected that the end-to-end delay in each path should be independent of each other. However, because of natural properties of wireless media and medium access mechanisms in ad hoc networks, the end-to-end delay between any source and destination depends on the pattern of communication in the neighborhood region. In this case some of the intermediate nodes should be silent to reverence their neighbors and this matter increases the average of end-to-end delay. To avoid this problem, multi-path routing algorithms can use zone-disjoint paths instead of node-disjoint paths. Two routes with no pair of neighbor nodes are called zone-disjoint paths. In this paper we propose a new multi-path routing algorithm that selects zone-disjoint paths, using omni-directional antenna. We evaluate our algorithm in several different scenarios. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is very effective in decreasing delay and packet loss.
Various DHT routing algorithms have been proposed in recent years. All these algorithms have tried to keep an uniform structured geometry while nodes join and leave. In this paper, we use links to capture the dynamic ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)3540219889
Various DHT routing algorithms have been proposed in recent years. All these algorithms have tried to keep an uniform structured geometry while nodes join and leave. In this paper, we use links to capture the dynamic characteristics of the geometry and suggest there are three kinds of links in the geometry: the basic short link, the redundant short link, and the long links. Several current DHT systems have been investigated to argue these links are inherent in them and pointed out the possible improved directions of performance based on the characteristics of links. We analyze how links impact the routing performance and observe it with simulation experiments. Our experimental results show that each kind of links has its special contribution to the performance of P2P systems and it needs to take the effect of links into account as designing DHT routing algorithms.
In this paper, a comparative study of routing protocols is performed in a hybrid network to recommend the best routing protocol to perform load balancing for Internet traffic. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Interior...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781450347990
In this paper, a comparative study of routing protocols is performed in a hybrid network to recommend the best routing protocol to perform load balancing for Internet traffic. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Interior Gateway routing Protocol (IGRP) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) routing protocols are compared in OPNET modeller 14 to investigate their capability of ensuring fair distribution of traffic in a hybrid network. The network simulated is scaled to a campus. The network loads are varied in size and performance study is made by running simulations with all the protocols. The only considered performance factors for observation are packet drop, network delay, throughput and network load. IGRP presented better performance as compared to other protocols. The benefit of using IGRP is reduced packet drop, reduced network delay, increased throughput while offering relative better distribution of traffic in a hybrid network.
暂无评论