The design and analysis of routing algorithm is an important issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Most traditional geographical routing algorithms cannot achieve good performance in duty-cycled networks. In this ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467359399;9781467359382
The design and analysis of routing algorithm is an important issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Most traditional geographical routing algorithms cannot achieve good performance in duty-cycled networks. In this paper, we propose a k-connected overlapping clustering approach with energy awareness, namely k-OCHE, for routing in WSNs. The basic idea of this approach is to select a cluster head by energy availability (EA) status. The k-OCHE scheme adopts a sleep scheduling strategy of CKN, where neighbors will remain awake to keep it k-connected, so that it can balance energy distributions well. Compared with traditional routing algorithms, the proposed k-OCHE approach obtains a balanced load distribution and consequently a longer network lifetime.
routing in D isruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) is a challenging problem due to the intermittent connectivity between the nodes. Researchers have proposed many routing protocols that adapt to the temporary connections...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479932146;9781479932139
routing in D isruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs) is a challenging problem due to the intermittent connectivity between the nodes. Researchers have proposed many routing protocols that adapt to the temporary connections of DTNs. One classification of routing protocols makes use of historical information to predict future contact patterns for any pair of nodes. However, most existing protocols focus on the probability of a path from the source to the destination without considering the information in a packet which includes the source, destination, size, TTL (Time-To-Live) and limited resources such as available buffer size and bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a new prediction-based routing algorithm that takes into account packet information under the conditions of limited transmission opportunities. T he goal of this protocol is to increase the overall delivery ratio through scheduling packets at each node. Meanwhile, this protocol may sacrifice some messages' delivery delay time to some extent. Extensive simulation results with real traces show that our protocol with packet scheduling has better performance than the pure probabilistic routing algorithms in term of delivery ratio. Our protocol's performance advantage is more obvious for nodes with higher packet intensity and shorter TTL in packets.
In this work we focused on routing using physical layer network coding. Contrary to regular network coding, in physical layer network coding modulated analog waveforms are added at the receivers. Although synchronizat...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467355636;9781467355629
In this work we focused on routing using physical layer network coding. Contrary to regular network coding, in physical layer network coding modulated analog waveforms are added at the receivers. Although synchronization is needed for this purpose, adding waveforms helps save energy. In the previous literature some geographical routing algorithms are modified with physical layer network coding, using helper nodes. In this work we solve the optimal routing problem using the Bellman-Ford routing algorithm. For this purpose we defined a link cost metric. Numerical comparisons with the algorithms in the literature reveal that especially in the case of high path loss exponent the proposed algorithm significantly decreases the energy expenditure. Moreover, the proposed algorithm is able to work in cases, where the channel gain does not only depend on distance.
During the last decade, WSN routing algorithms diversity has evolved and clustered onto several categories. Although most of them still rely on the use of individual node addresses as an input for the routing algorith...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479911486
During the last decade, WSN routing algorithms diversity has evolved and clustered onto several categories. Although most of them still rely on the use of individual node addresses as an input for the routing algorithm, there is a renewed interest in the use of addressless routing, specially from the proposed IETF (RFC6550) standard of the RPL algorithm, which defines an incremental rank value on each node to establish the route towards the Sink. In this paper, we propose a new routing algorithm called Natural Gradient routing (NGR), which uses sensed values in a gradient field as a rank, and a single forwarding rule to approach the Sink. With extensive simulation work we compare our proposal against two reference routing algorithms: Flooding, which represents the absence of predefined routes and AODV, a deterministic reactive shortest-path approach. We show that first, our proposal has a similar consumption, delay and overhead performance than AODV with minimal complexity, and second, the NGR configuration period is reduced to zero, thus decreasing the baseline consumption until the first packet is sent.
In the mobile Internet environment, due to the node's signal uncertainty, limited energy and mobility, the original passive Internet routing algorithm is no longer applicable. In order to solve this problem, this ...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467351379
In the mobile Internet environment, due to the node's signal uncertainty, limited energy and mobility, the original passive Internet routing algorithm is no longer applicable. In order to solve this problem, this paper presents an Active Cross Layer QoS routing Algorithm Based on ACO, which combines mobile agent and ant colony optimization technology. This algorithm can find the link layer, network layer and application layer information actively to achieve optimization QoS routing in a large scale mobile Internet. Finally, two simulating experiments are finished, the simulating results show that this algorithm has better performance than the traditional routing algorithm in cost and response speed.
Multicast routing in optical WDM networks is investigated in the current paper in the presence of optical splitters only at a fraction of the network nodes. This work presents a novel multicast routing algorithm for s...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479904914
Multicast routing in optical WDM networks is investigated in the current paper in the presence of optical splitters only at a fraction of the network nodes. This work presents a novel multicast routing algorithm for sparse-splitting networks that is specifically designed for this category of networks. The proposed algorithm is compared with the most efficient multicast routing algorithms for sparse networks that are found in the literature through examples and simulations. Performance results show that the proposed approach achieves an important reduction on the average cost of the calculated multicasting trees, compared to the existing heuristics.
The network topologies enhancements are necessary in correspond to the growing of data networks. In this paper, large network problem is described. It includes the routing update cost. The concept of hierarchical netw...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479900336;9781479900312
The network topologies enhancements are necessary in correspond to the growing of data networks. In this paper, large network problem is described. It includes the routing update cost. The concept of hierarchical network is explained as a considered solution. The hierarchical routing algorithms working methodology and protocols are presented and compared. In addition, it provides a sufficient description for the pros and cons of each protocol. The hierarchical network problems of cluster number, size distribution and number of levels, and solving approaches are discussed. This paper discusses how to identify the best clustering algorithm for wired, ad-hoc and wireless sensor networks. The optimization guidelines are explained.
In this paper, we present our experience in designing a reference architecture for implementing Delay Tolerant Networking protocols running on resource constrained devices. The proposed architecture, has been employed...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9789532900439
In this paper, we present our experience in designing a reference architecture for implementing Delay Tolerant Networking protocols running on resource constrained devices. The proposed architecture, has been employed to implement the Epidemic protocol on the Openbeacon active tags, and it has been validated on a simple experiment for data collection, in which 20 students carrying the tags are asked to freely move in a room while generating data that are collected by two sinks. Our experiments show that some of the simplistic assumptions made in the simulation of DTN protocols, such as the perfect knowledge of the neighborhood, are not valid in real test-bed and can significantly affect the performance of the routing algorithms.
A new routing algorithm is proposed for FPGA to improve the increasing transformation cost of pseudo-Boolean Satisfiability algorithm in the routing process. The approach combines advantages of pseudo-Boolean Satisfia...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783037858882
A new routing algorithm is proposed for FPGA to improve the increasing transformation cost of pseudo-Boolean Satisfiability algorithm in the routing process. The approach combines advantages of pseudo-Boolean Satisfiability and geometric routing algorithm. First, Frontier- one of geometric routing algorithm is chosen for FPGA routing. Then pseudo-Boolean Satisfiability algorithm is used when the process of Frontier is not successful. Technique of static symmetry-breaking is also adding to carry out pretreatment of pseudo-Boolean constraints, detecting and breaking the symmetries in the routing flow. The advantage is that the search path is pruned, and the cost is consequently reduced. Preliminary experiments results show that the hybrid method have no adverse affect on overall program. It has also reduced the runtime observably, and sped up the solving process.
This paper studies the routing problem for IP energy-efficient networks. We propose a robust routing algorithm to reach the higher network energy efficiency, which is based on optimization problem. To attain the highl...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781479937554
This paper studies the routing problem for IP energy-efficient networks. We propose a robust routing algorithm to reach the higher network energy efficiency, which is based on optimization problem. To attain the highly energy-efficient routing for IP networks, the link of low utilization is turned into the sleeping state to save the network energy. At the same time, the low link traffic is aggregated to the link with high utilization to enhance the link utilization and to sleep the links as many as possible. We present an optimized link sleeping method to maximize the number of the sleeping links. By targeting the network robustness, a weight adaptive strategy is brought forth to reduce the link congestion and enhance the robustness of the network. Simulation results indicate that our algorithm is effective and feasible for IP energy-efficient networks.
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