The restorability problem in wavelength-routed networks without wavelength converters is investigated. A distributed control plane based on the generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) suite is considered for...
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The restorability problem in wavelength-routed networks without wavelength converters is investigated. A distributed control plane based on the generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) suite is considered for disseminating link-state information and reserving network resources. Different routing and wavelength selection strategies are proposed and a detailed performance analysis is carried out during restoration. Simulation results evaluate the blocking probability due to both lack of available resources (i.e., forward blocking) and resource contentions (i.e., backward blocking). Performance comparison provides some insightful suggestions to be applied to GMPLS-controlled wavelength-routed networks without wavelength converters. First, it is recommended to perform routing and wavelength selection separately at the lightpath source and destination, respectively. Second, routing can be computed on link-state information advertised during provisioning, without the need of flooding link-state information during restoration. In fact, during restoration, the resource contention among concurrent signaling instances is the dominant cause of blocking (i.e., backward blocking overcomes forward blocking). For this reason, intelligent routing and wavelength selection strategies aiming at avoiding or limiting resource contentions can help to improve restorability. In particular, among those strategies, the proposed wavelength selection has a better ability to reduce resource contentions than the routing strategies. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.
How to make efficient data routing in energy constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the key points. In order to find the optimal path of data transmission in the WSNs, a new routing algorithm based on a...
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How to make efficient data routing in energy constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the key points. In order to find the optimal path of data transmission in the WSNs, a new routing algorithm based on ant colony algorithm is proposed. Using the improved heuristic function and considering the node communication transmission distance, transmission direction, and residual energy, an optimal path from the source node to the destination node can be found. Thus, the network energy consumption is reduced and the network lifetime is prolonged. Simulation results show that new ant algorithm can effectively save the energy of nodes and prolong the network lifetime.
Feature Issue on Waveband Switching, routing, and GroomingWe present a collection of high-quality research papers that reflect recent research advances in the area of waveband switching, routing, and grooming. By usin...
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We present a collection of high-quality research papers that reflect recent research advances in the area of waveband switching, routing, and grooming. By using WBS, the number of ports of an OXC can be significantly reduced, thus leading to reduced size, cost, and control complexity of the OXC.
Greedy routing algorithms based on virtual coordinates have attracted considerable interest in recent years. Those based on coordinates taken from the hyperbolic plane have interesting theoretical scalability properti...
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Greedy routing algorithms based on virtual coordinates have attracted considerable interest in recent years. Those based on coordinates taken from the hyperbolic plane have interesting theoretical scalability properties. However, their scalability and reliability are yet to be ensured when applied to large-scale dynamic networks. In this paper, we propose a scalable and reliable solution for creating and managing dynamic overlay networks where nodes have hyperbolic coordinates. In this context, our solution provides a greedy routing algorithm based on the hyperbolic distance. To cope with network dynamics, we have defined two methods for avoiding temporary local minima and one method for maintaining the greedy embedding over time. Through analysis, we evaluate the complexity costs of our solution. Through simulations, we assess the scalability of our solution on static networks and its reliability on dynamic networks. Results show that using our solution based on hyperbolic geometry provides scalability and reliability to both addressing and routing tasks in dynamic overlay networks. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In circuit-switched routing, the path between a source and its destination is established by incrementally reserving all required links before the data transmission can begin. If the routing algorithm is not carefully...
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In circuit-switched routing, the path between a source and its destination is established by incrementally reserving all required links before the data transmission can begin. If the routing algorithm is not carefully designed, deadlocks can occur in reserving these links. Deadlock-free algorithms based on dimension-ordered routing, such as the E-cube, exist. However, E-cube does not provide any flexibility in choosing a path from a source to its destination and can thus result in long latencies under heavy or uneven traffic. Adaptive, minimum-distance routing algorithms, such as the Turn Model and the UP Preference algorithms, have previously been reported. In this article, we present a new class of adaptive, provably deadlock-free, minimum-distance routing algorithms. We prove that the algorithms developed here are optimally adaptive in the sense that any further flexibility in communication will result in deadlock. We show that the Turn Model is actually a member of our new class of algorithms that does not perform as well as other algorithms within the new class. It creates artificial hotspots in routing the traffic and allows fewer total paths. We present an analytical comparison of the flexibility and balance in routing provided by various algorithms and a comparison based on uniform and nonuniform traffic simulations. The Extended-UP Preference algorithm developed in this article is shown to have improved performance with respect to existing algorithms. The methodology and the algorithms developed here can be used to develop routing for other schemes such as wormhole routing, and for other recursively defined networks such as k-ary n-cubes.
The Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) network for the next generation Smart Grid is required to possess many essential functions, such as data reading and writing, intelligent power transmission, and line damage detection...
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The Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) network for the next generation Smart Grid is required to possess many essential functions, such as data reading and writing, intelligent power transmission, and line damage detection. However, the traditional AMR network cannot meet the previous requirement. With the development of the WiFi sensor node in the low power cost, a new kind of wireless sensor network based on the WiFi technology can be used in application. In this paper, we have designed a new architecture of WiFi-based wireless sensor network, which is suitable for the next generation AMR system. We have also proposed a new routing algorithm called Energy Saving-Based Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (E-HWMP) on the premise of current algorithm, which can improve the energy saving of the HWMP and be suitable for the WiFi-based wireless sensor network. The simulation results show that the life cycle of network is extended.
The theory and practice of circuit switching on networks has recently been rapidly evolving. We investigate two fundamentally separate classes of routing algorithms-randomized and deterministic. The main randomized al...
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The theory and practice of circuit switching on networks has recently been rapidly evolving. We investigate two fundamentally separate classes of routing algorithms-randomized and deterministic. The main randomized algorithm is Gibbens' and Kelly's recently introduced Dynamic Alternate routing. In the contrasting deterministic algorithm, attempts to carry a call are made in a specific precomputed order. The design of these routing sequences given here is new and depends upon i) analytic approximations based on fixed-point equations to evaluate network performance, and ii) heuristics for the rather complicated problem of network revenue maximization. In all cases, an important role is played by the control mechanism of trunk reservations. Our test bed is a network of six nodes which is fully connected, except when we study the effects of various link failures. The network data are quite nonuniform and extracted from a realistic network. Our primary tool in this study is discrete-event simulation. We give results for each of the following goals: i) to evaluate and compare performance, primarily in terms of revenue generated;ii) to evaluate performance in the event of link failures;iii) to develop innovative design tools, iv) to develop an appreciation of the time constants of the various algorithms;and v) to propose new algorithms, especially hybrids.
A framework for private and secure communication and interaction between agents interacting in transportation services is developed. An agent, i.e. a user, can ask questions or submit queries regarding whether the oth...
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A framework for private and secure communication and interaction between agents interacting in transportation services is developed. An agent, i.e. a user, can ask questions or submit queries regarding whether the other agents, i.e. drivers, use the desired road at specific times of the day in an encrypted fashion. The authors developed the framework using semi-homomorphic encryption (namely, the Paillier's encryption method) to enable the algebraic manipulation of plain data without the need for decryption using appropriate computations over the encrypted data. Strong privacy and security guarantees are proved for the agents. Subsequently, the semi-homomorphic encryption method is utilised to develop privacy-aware ride-sharing and routing algorithms without the need for disclosing the origin and destination of the user.
This paper deals with the vehicle routing problems for urban good distribution. The mix fleet size problem is a variant of the vehicle routing problem called Heterogeneous Fleet Vehicle routing Problem (HFVRP). The ob...
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This paper presents a new performance and routability driven routing algorithm for symmetrical array-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). A key contribution of our work is the overcoming of one essential limi...
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This paper presents a new performance and routability driven routing algorithm for symmetrical array-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). A key contribution of our work is the overcoming of one essential limitation of the previous routing algorithms: inaccurate estimations of routing density that were too general for symmetrical FPGAs. To this end, we formulate an exact routing density calculation that is based on a precise analysis of the structure (switch block) of symmetrical FPGAs and utilize it consistently in global and detailed routings. With an introduction to the proposed accurate routing metrics, we describe a new routing algorithm, called cost-effective net-decomposition-based routing, which is fast and yet produces remarkable routing results in terms of both routability and net/path delays. We performed extensive experiments to show the effectiveness of our algorithm based on the proposed cost metrics.
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