The value of token reinforcement in the instatement and shaping of fluency was examined in an intensive treatment program for adult stutterers. Experiment 1 examined the effect of removing the tangible back-up reinfor...
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The value of token reinforcement in the instatement and shaping of fluency was examined in an intensive treatment program for adult stutterers. Experiment 1 examined the effect of removing the tangible back-up reinforcers for the token system and found that clients' performance in the program was equally good with or without these back-up reinforcers, suggesting that a strict token economy may not be crucial to rapid progress through treatment. Experiment 2 compared contingent and noncontingent taken reinforcement, while controlling for some variables that may have confounded the results of earlier research, and found no difference in clients' performance. Experiment 3 examined the effect of the entire removal of token reinforcement. Performance was found to be no worse under a "no tokens" system than under a system of tokens with back-up reinforcers. It is argued that in a highly structured treatment program where many other reinforcers are operating, token reinforcement may be largely redundant. Clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
This paper has an introductory nature. It sets the scene for the three papers in the thematic session "structured Data Tools". We discuss interaction and coordination in general and look more specifically at...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9783540489283
This paper has an introductory nature. It sets the scene for the three papers in the thematic session "structured Data Tools". We discuss interaction and coordination in general and look more specifically at the XML data format and the dataflow driven coordination language Reo.
A different way of summarizing linked data structures that has been worst case time bounds was proposed. Unbounded data structures were summarized by taking advantage of structure present in the original program. High...
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A different way of summarizing linked data structures that has been worst case time bounds was proposed. Unbounded data structures were summarized by taking advantage of structure present in the original program. High-degree polynomials are the worst-case time bounds for a naive algorithm, but for the expected (sparse) case an efficient algorithm was implemented. The quality of information obtained by the analysis to obtain useful information about linked data structures is expected to be better than that obtained by existing techniques.
Using Parallel Objects and structured Parallel programming, the parallel representation of the Communication Pattern between Processes called Pipeline is shown, whose implementation is carried out through different mo...
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Database search for images containing icons with specific mutual spatial relationships can he facilitated by an appropriately structured index. For the case of images containing subsets each of which consist of three ...
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Solutions to the Dutch National Flag Problem have been given by Dijkstra [1] and Meyer [3]. Dijkstra starts with a simple program and arrives at an improved program by refinement. Both of the algorithms given by Dijks...
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Wirth has proposed a method of “stepwise refinement” for writing computer programs. This paper proposes that the steps be expressed as proofs. A program for the eight-queens problem is developed, and the proof metho...
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The purpose of programming course is not only to teach students the syntax of certain language, but also indicate them scientific thoughts and methods. Teachers in C language classroom should instill engineering thoug...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769536002
The purpose of programming course is not only to teach students the syntax of certain language, but also indicate them scientific thoughts and methods. Teachers in C language classroom should instill engineering thought in students subtly. This article contributes approaches to this subject. First, leading students to form good programming style is helpful to their future engineering practice;Then, pay attention to choose meaningful teaching cases with great practicability to train students' project thought and team consciousness;Moreover, focus on structured programming, guiding learners to solve a problem by stepwise refinement, Furthermore thought of Data Structures & Algorithm Analysis as well as Software Engineering should be instilled, through which we can lead students to write better code with both validity and efficiency, develop their programming mind effectively in a scientific and easy way.
Programmable Controllers (PLC) are being increasingly used in control systems for Nuclear Power Plants. A PLC, qualified for safety applications, is attractive because it saves a lot of time in verification and valida...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781467347372
Programmable Controllers (PLC) are being increasingly used in control systems for Nuclear Power Plants. A PLC, qualified for safety applications, is attractive because it saves a lot of time in verification and validation effort as compared to development of embedded control systems. We developed a tool, ST to MISRA-C translator, required for developing application program using structured Text (ST) in a qualified PLC. The syntax and semantics of ST programming language is defined in the IEC 61131-3 standard. During the development of the translator, we found some issues with ST language syntax and semantics not pointed out by other researchers. These issues are discussed in this paper along with proposed changes in the ST language grammar for its unambiguous parsing.
The programming language Alphard is designed to provide support for both the methodologies of “well-structured” programming and the techniques of formal program verification. Language constructs allow a programmer t...
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