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screen content coding Based on HEVC Framework

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA 2014年第5期16卷 1316-1326页

作者： Zhu, Weijia Ding, Wenpeng Xu, Jizheng Shi, Yunhui Yin, Baocai Beijing Univ Technol Beijing Key Lab Multimedia & Intelligent Software Coll Metropolitan Transportat Beijing 100124 Peoples R China Microsoft Res Asia Beijing 100080 Peoples R China

screen content like cartoons, captures of typical computer screens or video with text overlay or news ticker is an important category of video, which needs new techniques beyond the existing video coding techniques. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of screen content and coding efficiency of HEVC on screen content. We propose a new coding scheme, which adopts a non-transform representation, separating screen content into color component and structure component. Based on the proposed representation, two coding modes are designed for screen content to exploit the directional correlation and non-translational changes in screen video sequences. The proposed scheme is then seamlessly incorporated into the HEVC structure and implemented into HEVC range extension reference software HM9.0. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves up to 52.6% bitrate saving compared with HM9.0. On average, 35.1%, 29.2% and 23.6% bitrate saving are achieved with intra, random-access and low-delay configurations, respectively. The visual quality of the decoded video sequences is also significantly improved by reducing ringing artifacts around sharp edges and reserving the shape of text without blur.

关键词： Directional correlation base color representation high efficiency video coding screen content coding temporal correlation

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Improved hierarchical quantisation parameter setting method for screen content coding in high efficiency video coding

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IET IMAGE PROCESSING 2019年第8期13卷 1382-1390页

作者： Tang, Tong Li, Ling Li, Jun Chongqing Inst Posts & Telecommun Commun Inst 2 Chongwen Rd Chongqing Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Software 4 South Fourth St Beijing Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci 19 A Yuquan Rd Beijing Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Dept Automat 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui Peoples R China

screen content video (SCV) is generated by computers, including texts, animation, and graphics. Unlike conventional camera-captured video, screen contents are often discontinuous, as some regions may remain static for successive frames. Therefore, the traditional hierarchical quantisation parameter (QP) setting scheme for conventional video may be not efficient enough for SCV. In this study, an improved hierarchical QP setting method is proposed for screen content coding. Based on the default hierarchical QP setting in high efficiency video coding (HEVC), the proposed method adjusts QP values at the coding tree unit level according to block matching and content complexity. Smaller QP is assigned to the static region and the translational region to reduce quality refinement, and bigger QP is assigned to the complex and limited quality propagated region to save bits. Experimental results show that compared with the default QP setting method in HEVC, the proposed method reduces up to 15.7% bitrate and 6.3% bitrate on average, and decreases the encoding time by 9.2% averagely.

关键词： video coding image matching high efficiency video coding coding tree unit level matching complexity content complexity screen content coding screen content video SCV improved hierarchical QP setting method camera-captured video improved hierarchical quantisation parameter setting scheme HEVC quality refinement reduction

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Intra Block Copy in HEVC screen content coding Extensions

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IEEE JOURNAL ON EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2016年第4期6卷 409-419页

作者： Xu, Xiaozhong Liu, Shan Chuang, Tzu-Der Huang, Yu-Wen Lei, Shaw-Min Rapaka, Krishnakanth Pang, Chao Seregin, Vadim Wang, Ye-Kui Karczewicz, Marta MediaTek USA Inc San Jose CA 95134 USA MediaTek Inc Hsinchu 30078 Taiwan Qualcomm Inc San Diego CA 92121 USA

With the emerging applications such as online gaming and Wi-Fi display, screen content video, including computer generated text, graphics and animations, becomes more popular than ever. Traditional video coding technologies typically were developed based on models that fit into natural, camera-captured video. The distinct characteristics exhibited between these two types of contents necessitate the exploration of coding efficiency improvement given that new tools can be developed specially for screen content video. The HEVC screen content coding Extensions (HEVC SCC) have been developed to incorporate such new coding tools in order to achieve better compression efficiency. In this paper, intra block copy (IBC, or intra picture block compensation), also named current picture referencing (CPR) in HEVC SCC, is introduced and discussed. This tool is very efficient for coding of screen content video in that repeated patterns in text and graphics rich content occur frequently within the same picture. Having a previously reconstructed block with equal or similar pattern as a predictor can effectively reduce the prediction error and therefore improve coding efficiency. Simulation results show that up to 50% BD rate reduction in all intra coding can be achieved with intra block copy enabled, compared to the HEVC reference encoder without this tool. Significant BD rate reductions for other coding configurations are also observed.

关键词： Current picture referencing high efficiency video coding (HEVC) intra block copy motion compensation screen content coding

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Diversity-Based Reference Picture Management for Low Delay screen content coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2018年第6期28卷 1369-1378页

作者： Li, Jiahao Li, Bin Xu, Jizheng Xiong, Ruiqin Microsoft Res Asia Beijing 100080 Peoples R China Peking Univ Inst Digital Media Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Beijing 100871 Peoples R China Peking Univ Natl Engn Lab Video Technol Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

screen content coding plays an important role in many applications. Conventional reference picture management (RPM) strategies developed for natural content may not work well for screen content. This is because many regions in screen content remain static for a long time, causing a lot of repetitive contents to stay in the decoded picture buffer. The repetitive contents are not conducive to inter prediction, but still occupy valuable memory. This paper proposes a diversity-based RPM scheme for screen content coding. The concept of diversity is introduced for the reference picture set (RPS) to help formulate the RPM problem. By maximizing the diversity of RPS, more potentially better predictions are provided. Better compression performance can then be achieved. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme is nonnormative and compatible with existing video coding standards, such as High Efficiency Video coding. The experimental results show that, for low delay screen content coding, the bit saving of the proposed scheme is 4.9% on average and up to 13.7%, without increasing encoding time.

关键词： Diversity High Efficiency Video coding (HEVC) long-term reference picture (LTRP) reference picture management (RPM) screen content coding

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Overview of screen content coding in Recently Developed Video coding Standards

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2022年第2期32卷 839-852页

作者： Xu, Xiaozhong Liu, Shan Tencent Amer Palo Alto CA 94306 USA

In recent years, computer-generated texts, graphics, and animations have drawn more attention than ever. These types of media, also known as screen content, have become increasingly popular due to their widespread applications. To address the need for efficient coding of such content, several coding tools have been developed and have made great advances in terms of coding efficiency. The inclusion of screen content coding features in some recently developed video coding standards (namely, HEVC SCC, VVC, AVS3, AV1 and EVC) demonstrates the importance of supporting such features. This paper provides an overview and comparative study of screen content coding technologies, as well as discussions on the performance and complexity of the tools developed in these standards.

关键词： Encoding Standards Tools Decoding Hardware Bandwidth Writing screen content coding intra block copy transform skip residue coding BDPCM palette mode intra string copy deblocking

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Research on Covert Communication Security Based on screen content coding

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IEEE ACCESS 2020年 8卷 22275-22280页

作者： Liu, Zhe Chen, He Sun, Songlin Beijing Inst Technol Sch Informat & Elect Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Informat & Commun Engn Beijing 100876 Peoples R China

Covert transmission technology is a new direction in the field of information security technology. It can protect copyright and authentication sources and integrity in an open network environment, and ensure the security of digital media content through information hiding technology. Some unique features of screen content video have promoted the further development of video coding technology, and the HEVC-SCC standard has emerged as the times require. It is of great significance and value to study the information security issues of screen content coding standards. Therefore, based on the unique characteristics of the SCC stream, this paper studies the information steganography technology, and uses the video information hiding technology to transmit private data. A video steganography scheme based on chaotic mapping in DCT domain is proposed where the proposed method applies to HEVC screen content coding. The mutation frame of the screen content sequence is judged according to the threshold value, and the location of the secret data embedding is shuffled and scrambled based on the value of the chaotic logistic map digital chaotic sequence, thereby improving the security.

关键词： screen content coding steganography security HEVC

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Learning-Based Early Transform Skip Mode Decision for VVC screen content coding

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY 2023年第10期33卷 6041-6056页

作者： Park, Jeeyoon Lee, Jeehwan Kim, Bumyoon Jeon, Byeungwoo Sungkyunkwan Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Digital Media Lab Suwon 16410 South Korea

One of the design goals of the recently published international video coding standard, Versatile Video coding (VVC/H.266), is efficient coding of computer-generated video content (commonly referred to as screen content) which exhibits different signal characteristics from the usual camera-captured video (commonly referred as natural content). VVC can perform transform in multiple different ways including skipping the transform itself, which demands much computation for its best selection among many combinatory options. In this paper, we investigate designing a machine-learning-based early transform skip mode decision (ML-TSM) which makes a determination whether or not to skip the transform in an early stage by making a simple classification employing key features designed in such a way to reflect the characteristics of TSM blocks well. Compared with the VVC reference software 14.0, the proposed scheme is verified to reduce computational complexity by 11% and 4% with a Bjontegaard delta bitrate (BDBR) increase of 0.34% and 0.23% respectively under all-intra (AI) and random-access (RA) configurations.

关键词： VVC H266 video coding screen content coding transform skip mode

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Efficient CU and PU Decision Based on Neural Network and Gray Level Co-Occurrence Matrix for Intra Prediction of screen content coding

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IEEE ACCESS 2018年 6卷 46643-46655页

作者： Huang, Chao Peng, Zongju Chen, Fen Jiang, Qiuping Jiang, Gangyi Hu, Qingqing Ningbo Univ Fac Informat Sci & Engn Ningbo 315211 Zhejiang Peoples R China

screen content coding (SCC) significantly improves the screen content compression efficiency over the high efficient video coding but at the cost of extremely huge computational complexity. The flexible quad-tree coding unit (CU) partitioning structure and the newly-introduced SCC intra modes are largely responsible for the high computational complexity. In order to meet the challenge of huge computational complexity of SCC, we propose an efficient CU and prediction unit (PU) decision based on neural network (NN) and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) for SCC intra prediction. The proposed efficient SCC intra prediction algorithm contains three stages, including NN-based CU classification model, efficient PU mode decision based on classification (EPMD), and efficient CU size decision based on GLCM and spatiotemporal correlations (ECSD). Consequently, the computational complexity of SCC intra prediction can be drastically reduced by replacing the brute-force search with EPMD and ECSD to decide the optimal combination of CU size and PU mode. In addition, an online updating method of weighted factor is introduced to cope with different characteristics of test sequences. In order to achieve a good tradeoff between complexity reduction and rate distortion (RD) performance, extensive experiments are conducted to select the optimal threshold for ECSD. The experimental results show that in comparison with the original SCC reference software, the proposed algorithm can reduce 49.33% intra coding time with 1.36% BDBR increase and 0.13 dB BDPSNR decrease. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm outperforms eight state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of computational complexity reduction and RD performance.

关键词： Quad tree partitioning structure neural network gray level co-occurrence matrix CU decision intra prediction screen content coding

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A string matching based ultra-low complexity lossless screen content coding technique

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MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS 2022年第2期81卷 2043-2063页

作者： Yang, Yufen Lin, Tao Zhao, Liping Zhou, Kailun Wang, Shuhui Tongji Univ Coll Elect & Informat Engn VLSI Lab Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China Shaoxing Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Shaoxing 312000 Peoples R China Peking Univ Informat Technol R&D Innovat Ctr Shaoxing 312000 Peoples R China

screen contents have become a popular image type driven by the growing market for transferring display screen between devices, especially mobile devices. Due to the ultra-high quality display featured in most of nowadays mobile devices, lossless screen content coding (SCC) is usually required or preferred. Mobile devices also require ultra-low power consumption in all tasks including SCC. To address these issues, this paper proposes an ultra-low coding complexity technique based on string matching for high efficiency lossless SCC. The technique covers three major coding phases of fast searching, prediction, and entropy coding. Condensed hash table (CHT) based fast searching is proposed to speed-up reference string searching process. Coplanar prediction (CP) and predictor-dependent residual (PDR) are presented to first efficiently predict an unmatchable pixel using multiple neighboring pixels and then further reduce the entropy of prediction residuals. To achieve a good trade-off between coding complexity and efficiency, 4-bit-aligned variable length code (4bVLC) and byte-aligned multi-variable-length-code (BMVLC) are proposed to code the prediction residuals and three string matching parameters, respectively. For 184 screen content images commonly used, compared with X265 and PNG in the default configuration and lossless mode, the proposed technique achieves 35.67% less total compressed bytes with only 0.96% encoding and 1.54% decoding runtime, and 10.04% less total compressed bytes with only 6.83% encoding and 24.32% decoding runtime, respectively. The proposed technique also outperforms X265 and PNG in all other configurations. For twelve HEVC-SCC CTC images, compared with PNG in fast, default and slow configurations and X265 in ultrafast and default configurations, the proposed technique shows significant advantage with both high coding efficiency and ultra-low coding complexity.

关键词： screen content coding String matching Prediction coding Variable length code Hash table

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Efficient coding unit classifier for HEVC screen content coding based on machine learning

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JOURNAL OF REAL-TIME IMAGE PROCESSING 2022年第2期19卷 375-390页

作者： Elsawy, Nabila Sayed, Mohammed S. Farag, Fathi Zagazig Univ Dept Elect & Commun Engn Zagazig Egypt Egypt Japan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Commun Engn Borg El Arab Egypt

The Video coding Joint Collaboration team (JCT-VC) has been working on an emerging standard for screen content coding (SCC) as an extension of high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard known as HEVC-SCC. The two powerful coding mechanisms used in HEVC-SCC are intra block copy (IBC) and palette coding (PLT). These techniques achieve the best coding efficiency at the expense of extremely high computational complexity. Therefore, we propose a new technique to minimize computational complexity by skipping undesired modes and retaining coding efficiency. A fast intra mode decision approach is suggested based on efficient CU classification. Our proposed solution depends on categorizing a CU as a natural content block (NCB) or a screen content block (SCB). Two classifiers are used for the classification process. The first one is a neural network (NN) classifier, and the other is an AdaBoost classifier, which depends on a boosted decision stump algorithm. The two classifiers predict the CU type individually and the final decision for CU classification depends on both of them. The experimental results reveal that the suggested technique significantly decreases encoding time without sacrificing coding efficiency. The suggested framework can achieve a 26.13% encoding time reduction on average with just a 0.81% increase in Bjontegaard Delta bit-rate (BD-Rate). Furthermore, the suggested framework saves encoding time by 51.5% on average for a set of NC sequences recommended for standard HEVC tests with minimal performance degradation. The proposed strategy has been merged with an existing methodology to accelerate the process even further.

关键词： HEVC screen content coding Neural network AdaBoost classifier

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