Ensuring a reliable and stable communication throughout the mobility of User Equipment (UE) is one of the key challenges facing the practical implementation of the Fifth Generation (5G) networks and beyond. One of the...
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Ensuring a reliable and stable communication throughout the mobility of User Equipment (UE) is one of the key challenges facing the practical implementation of the Fifth Generation (5G) networks and beyond. One of the main issues is the use of suboptimal Handover Control Parameters (HCPs) settings, which are configured manually or generated automatically by certain self-optimization functions. This issue becomes more critical with the massive deployment of small base stations and connected mobile users. This will essentially require an individual handover self-optimization technique for each user individually instead of a unified and centrally configured setting for all users in the cell. In this paper, an Individualistic Dynamic Handover Parameter optimizationalgorithm based on an Automatic Weight Function (IDHPO-AWF) is proposed for 5G networks. This algorithm dynamically estimates the HCPs settings for each individual UE based on UE's experiences. The algorithm mainly depends on three bounded functions and their Automatic Weights levels. First, the bounded functions are evaluated, independently, as a function of the UE's Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR), cells' load and UE's speed. Next, the outputs of the three bounded functions are used as inputs in a new proposed Automatic Weight Function (AWF) to estimate the weight of each output bounded function. After that, the final output is used as an indicator for optimizing HCPs settings automatically for a specific user. The algorithm is validated throughout various mobility conditions in the 5G network. The performance of the analytical HCPs estimation method is investigated and compared with other handover algorithms from the literature. The evaluation comparisons are performed in terms of Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Handover Probability (HOP), Handover Ping-Pong Probability (HPPP), and Radio Link Failure (RLF). The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides noticeable e
The pharmaceutical industry is now paying increased attention to continuous *** the revolution to continuous and automated manufacturing is deepening in most of the top pharma companies in the world,the advancement of...
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The pharmaceutical industry is now paying increased attention to continuous *** the revolution to continuous and automated manufacturing is deepening in most of the top pharma companies in the world,the advancement of automated pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing in China is relatively slow due to some key challenges including the lack of knowledge on the related technologies and shortage of qualified *** this review,emphasis is given to two of the crucial technologies in automated pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing,i.e.,process analytical technology(PAT)and self-optimizing *** work published in recent 5 years employing advanced PAT tools and self-optimization algorithms is introduced,which represents the great progress that has been made in automated pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing.
Groundwater infiltration into sanitary sewers increases hydraulic loadings of sewage collection systems and threatens wastewater treatment efficiency. However, cost-effective approach to quantify this important proces...
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Groundwater infiltration into sanitary sewers increases hydraulic loadings of sewage collection systems and threatens wastewater treatment efficiency. However, cost-effective approach to quantify this important process still needs to be improved in order to better manage this common issue. This paper presents a method for determining the origin and amount of groundwater entering the urban sewer system. On a catchment scale, by measuring and tracking a chemical tracer (i.e., artificial sweetener acesulfame) in the urban sewers, the magnitude of daily groundwater flows in each sub-catchment could be quantified based on a Monte Carlo chemical mass balance approach. For the study site, 7.9% of the sewer length contributed 58% of the total groundwater infiltration. In the identified high-risk sub-catchment, groundwater sources and their spatial-temporal flows could be further pinpointed and elucidated by physically based numerical self-optimization model using microbial genetic algorithm method, which was verified by on-site sewer flow measurements, as well as time-series tracer concentration patterns at the terminal outlet. It was found that the diurnal variations of groundwater seepage into sewer network was linked to the in-pipe water level associated with sewage pumps operation mode, demonstrating the importance of in-pipe water level regulation in controlling groundwater infiltration. Compared with traditional visual inspection or direct flow measurement methods, the proposed approach exhibits distinct advantages in determining groundwater sources and flows in large sewer systems. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
In connection with the actual production situation of a hot blast stove, the use of advanced control technology on combustion optimization control system has achieved all control loops in the stove combustion system c...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781538612446
In connection with the actual production situation of a hot blast stove, the use of advanced control technology on combustion optimization control system has achieved all control loops in the stove combustion system controlling automatically, dynamic optimizationalgorithm to find the optimum air-fuel ratio has achieved the stove optimizing the combustion process control. Operating results showed an improved control precision on the dome and exhaust gas temperature, and also reduced gas consumption. In short, this system achieved good economic benefits and a huge promotional value.
In connection with the actual production situation of a hot blast stove, the use of advanced control technology on combustion optimization control system has achieved all control loops in the stove combustion system c...
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In connection with the actual production situation of a hot blast stove, the use of advanced control technology on combustion optimization control system has achieved all control loops in the stove combustion system controlling automatically, dynamic optimizationalgorithm to find the optimum air-fuel ratio has achieved the stove optimizing the combustion process control. Operating results showed an improved control precision on the dome and exhaust gas temperature, and also reduced gas consumption. In short, this system achieved good economic benefits and a huge promotional value.
In LTE systems, low-power required small-coverage-cell is additionally deployed on a macro-cell to enhance the system performance in the respects of coverage and capacity improvement. In this paper, we propose a self-...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781457703881;9781457703898
In LTE systems, low-power required small-coverage-cell is additionally deployed on a macro-cell to enhance the system performance in the respects of coverage and capacity improvement. In this paper, we propose a self-optimization algorithm for a single femto-cell coverage. The objective function to be minimized for optimal coverage adjustment is the sum of camp on (CO) and unnecessary hand over (UHO) areas that is defined shortly. CO problem results in inefficient usage of base station with low received signal strength, and consequently, causes the low data rate. UHO incurs the wasteful usage of limited resources and overhead increase due to HO processes. We verify the validity of the proposed algorithm by comparing the performance with the result of theoretical analysis. Furthermore, we develop the proposed algorithm to increase the system throughput.
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