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IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)

作者： Sabatini, Anna Cenerini, Costanza Vollero, Luca Paut, Danilo Univ Campus Biomed Rome Res Unit Elect Sensor Syst Via Alvaro del Portillo 21 I-00128 Rome Italy Univ Campus Biomed Rome Res Unit Comp Syst & Bioinformat Via Alvaro del Portillo 21 I-00128 Rome Italy STMictroelectronics I-20864 Agrate Brianza Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9798350380903;9798350380910

Management of diabetes often involves monitoring blood glucose levels through Blood Glucose Monitoring (BGM) or Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems. CGM systems, preferred for their noninvasive nature and ability to track glucose trends, face challenges in accuracy due to sensor drift. In fact, it is well known that all sensor systems are subject to different types of change that alter the measurement and increase the inaccuracy in detecting analytes. This paper proposes a model that integrates environmental conditions, physiological parameters, and sensor characteristics to model their impact on the accuracy of CGM systems. The study examines the impact of various interfering variables, including physiological changes, such as sweating or physical exertion;environmental conditions, such as high temperatures;and sensor-specific changes, such as adhesive properties and aging. Each factor is modeled and analyzed to understand its influence on the sensor's accuracy and reliability. This model seeks to enhance the repeatability and reliability of the system by offering a method for predicting interferences and their effect on measurements. Consequently, it enables the development of reliable countermeasures.

关键词： CGM sensors sensor model interferences

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Generic sensor model Usecase Exemplified by Pedestrian Crossing

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2022年第22期22卷 21986-21995页

作者： Lelowicz, Kamil Pilat, Adam Krzysztof AGH Univ Sci & Technol Dept Automat Control & Robot PL-30059 Krakow Poland

This article presents the application of a generic sensor model (GSM) used in the virtual validation of an advanced driver-assistance system. The aim is to demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of such a model in a case study. This model transforms an incoming object list from a virtual simulation to a sensor-specific object list and applies to all perception sensors acting at the object level. The procedure for parameterization of the sensor model was explained and illustrated with examples of two algorithms: vision- and lidar-based. The validity of the model was confirmed using the case of a pedestrian crossing where incidents involving pedestrians occur. Based on simulation studies and the evaluation of the actual configuration of the pedestrian crossing, conclusions were drawn which may contribute to the increase of pedestrians' safety, both on the passive and active sides. The obtained results allow for the improvement of the operation of the transportation system in the field of advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) development.

关键词： sensors sensor phenomena and characterization Three-dimensional displays Roads Object detection Laser radar Cameras Mathematical modeling sensor model virtual validation

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Current Status of the Community sensor model Standard for the Generation of Planetary Digital Terrain models

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REMOTE SENSING 2024年第4期16卷 648页

作者： Hare, Trent M. Kirk, Randolph L. Bland, Michael T. Galuszka, Donna M. Laura, Jason R. Mayer, David P. Redding, Bonnie L. Wheeler, Benjamin H. US Geol Survey Astrogeol Sci Ctr 2255 N Gemini Dr Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA

The creation of accurate elevation models (topography) from stereo images are critical for a large variety of geospatial activities, including the production of digital orthomosaics, change detection, landing site analysis, geologic mapping, rover traverse planning, and spectral analysis. The United Stated Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, continues to transition the supported planetary sensor models to the Community sensor model (CSM) standard. This paper describes the current state of use for this photogrammetric standard, supported sensor model types, and qualitatively compares derived topography between SOCET SET and SOCET GXP ((R) BAE Systems) using HiRISE stereo images of Mars. Our transition to the CSM standard will ensure an uninterrupted capability to make these valuable products for Mars and many other extraterrestrial planets and moons.

关键词： community sensor model sensor model stereo photogrammetry mars moon image processing digital elevation model (DEM) digital terrain model (DTM) open source

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Stereoscopic Camera-sensor model for the Development of Highly Automated Driving Functions within a Virtual Test Environment

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Journal of Transportation Technologies 2023年第1期13卷 87-114页

作者： René Degen Martin de Fries Alexander Nüßgen Marcus Irmer Mats Leijon Margot Ruschitzka CAD CAM Center Cologne Institute of Automotive Engineering Cologne (IFK) Faculty of Automotive Systems and Production Cologne University of Applied Sciences Cologne Germany Division of Electricity Department of Electrical Engineering Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

The need for efficient and reproducible development processes for sensor and perception systems is growing with their increased use in modern vehicles. Such processes can be achieved by using virtual test environments and virtual sensor models. In the context of this, the present paper documents the development of a sensor model for depth estimation of virtual three-dimensional scenarios. For this purpose, the geometric and algorithmic principles of stereoscopic camera systems are recreated in a virtual form. The model is implemented as a subroutine in the Epic Games Unreal Engine, which is one of the most common Game Engines. Its architecture consists of several independent procedures that enable a local depth estimation, but also a reconstruction of a whole three-dimensional scenery. In addition, a separate programme for calibrating the model is presented. In addition to the basic principles, the architecture and the implementation, this work also documents the evaluation of the model created. It is shown that the model meets specifically defined requirements for real-time capability and the accuracy of the evaluation. Thus, it is suitable for the virtual testing of common algorithms and highly automated driving functions.

关键词： sensor model Virtual Test Environment Stereoscopic Camera Unreal Engine OpenCV ADAS/AD

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Simulating sensor noise model for real-time testing in a virtual underwater environment

Simulating sensor noise model for real-time testing in a vir...

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IEEE Annual Congress on Artificial Intelligence of Things (IEEE AIoT)

作者： Deng, Junwen Filisetti, Andrew Lim, Hui Sheng Kim, Du Yong Al-Hourani, Akram RMIT Univ Sch Engn Melbourne Vic Australia Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org CSIRO Canberra ACT Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350392302;9798350392296

Given the remote and harsh deployment environments associated with developing Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), virtual simulations are necessary to mitigate such risks and facilitate AUV research. To increase the accuracy of such simulations, authentic noise models for AUVs are required to produce reliable results. To fill in this knowledge gap, we propose a simulation framework that integrates MATLAB & Simulink with Unreal Engine 4, which enables researchers to emulate AUVs and test the noise models in realistic underwater settings. In order to validate this framework, we simulate an example AUV with LIDAR and vision sensor and present sensor output after injecting a desired sensor noise model. As such, this framework can facilitate emulating, building and verifying AUV platforms with different sensor noise models, thus leading to an improvement of performance in the current virtual simulation of AUVs.

关键词： Underwater noise modeling underwater simulator sensor model Autonomous Underwater Vehicle vision sensor LiDAR

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Object Detection Probability for Highly Automated Vehicles: An Analytical sensor model 5

Object Detection Probability for Highly Automated Vehicles: ...

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5th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems (VEHITS)

作者： Schiegg, Florian Alexander Llatser, Ignacio Michalke, Thomas Leibniz Univ Hannover Inst Commun Technol Appelstr 9A Hannover Germany Robert Bosch GmbH Corp Res Robert Bosch Str 200 Hildesheim Germany Robert Bosch GmbH Corp Res Robert Bosch Campus 1 Renningen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9789897583742

Modern advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) increasingly depend on the information gathered by the vehicle's on-board sensors about its environment. It is thus of great interest to analyse the performance of these sensor systems and its dependence on macroscopic traffic parameters. The work at hand aims at building up an analytical model to estimate the number of objects contained in a vehicle's environmental model. It further considers the exchange of vehicle dynamics and sensor data by vehicle-to-vehicle (V2X) communication to enhance the environmental awareness of the single vehicles. Finally, the proposed model is used to quantify the improvement in the environmental model when complementing sensor measurements with V2X communication.

关键词： sensor model Object Detection Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Collective Perception V2X Environmental model Highly Automated Driving Cooperative Awareness

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Object-based sensor model for virtual testing of ADAS/AD functions 8

Object-based sensor model for virtual testing of ADAS/AD fun...

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8th IEEE International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE)

作者： Muckenhuher, Stefan Holzer, Hannes Ruhsam, Jonas Stettinger, Georg VIRTUAL VEHICLE Res Ctr Graz Austria AVL List GmbH Graz Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781728101422

A novel generic sensor model is introduced for testing and validation of ADAS/AD (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems/Autonomous Drive) functions. The model converts an incoming object list into a sensor specific object list and is suitable for all ADAS/AD perception sensors operating on object level. The field of view of the sensor is represented by a two dimensional polygon, that can be defined by a set of points. A simple ray tracing method is applied to simulate coverage by objects. The model allows multiple range specifications for a single sensor depending on object type and classification capabilities. A look-up table is used to convert the object class definitions of the virtual environment into the class definitions of the considered sensor. Additional object parameters that are detected by the sensor may be included. False negative and false positive detections are generated by probabilistic functions. The parametrisation procedure of the sensor model is explained and depicted in an example using the data sheet of the Radar Continental ARS404. The model's capability to simulate a complete sensor set is demonstrated with the sensor set of the Renault Zoe that was used to collect the nuScenes data set. The sensor model is integrated into a virtual test-bed using Vires VTD and Open Simulation Interface.

关键词： sensor model virtual testing ADAS/AD function

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Object-based sensor model for virtual testing of ADAS/AD functions

Object-based sensor model for virtual testing of ADAS/AD fun...

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International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE)

作者： Stefan Muckenhuber Hannes Holzer Jonas Rübsam Georg Stettinger VIRTUAL VEHICLE Research Center Graz Austria AVL List GmbH Graz Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781728101439

A novel generic sensor model is introduced for testing and validation of ADAS/AD (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems/Autonomous Drive) functions. The model converts an incoming object list into a sensor specific object list and is suitable for all ADAS/AD perception sensors operating on object level. The field of view of the sensor is represented by a two dimensional polygon, that can be defined by a set of points. A simple ray-tracing method is applied to simulate coverage by objects. The model allows multiple range specifications for a single sensor depending on object type and classification capabilities. A look-up table is used to convert the object class definitions of the virtual environment into the class definitions of the considered sensor. Additional object parameters that are detected by the sensor may be included. False negative and false positive detections are generated by probabilistic functions. The parametrisation procedure of the sensor model is explained and depicted in an example using the data sheet of the Radar Continental ARS404. The model's capability to simulate a complete sensor set is demonstrated with the sensor set of the Renault Zoe that was used to collect the nuScenes data set. The sensor model is integrated into a virtual test-bed using Vires VTD and Open Simulation Interface.

关键词： sensor model Virtual testing ADAS/AD function sensors VIRTUAL TESTING object level False Negative object orientation Virtual

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Occlusion model-A Geometric sensor modeling Approach for Virtual Testing of ADAS/AD Functions

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2023年 4卷 439-455页

作者： Genser, Simon Muckenhuber, Stefan Gaisberger, Christoph Haas, Sarah Haid, Timo Virtual Vehicle Res GmbH Dept Automot Elect & Software A-8010 Graz Austria Karl Franzens Univ Graz Dept Geog & Reg Sci A-8010 Graz Austria Dr Ingn Hcf Porsche AG Virtual Funct Validat Stuttgart Germany

New advanced driver assistance system/automated driving (ADAS/AD) functions have the potential to significantly enhance the safety of vehicle passengers and road users, while also enabling new transportation applications and potentially reducing CO2 emissions. To achieve the next level of driving automation, i.e., SAE Level-3, physical test drives need to be supplemented by simulations in virtual test environments. A major challenge for today's virtual test environments is to provide a realistic representation of the vehicle's perception system (camera, lidar, radar). Therefore, new and improved sensor models are required to perform representative virtual tests that can supplement physical test drives. In this article, we present a computationally efficient, mathematically complete, and geometrically exact generic sensor modeling approach that solves the FOV (field of view) and occlusion task. We also discuss potential extensions, such as bounding-box cropping and sensor-specific, weather-dependent FOV-reduction approaches for camera, lidar, and radar. The performance of the new modeling approach is demonstrated using camera measurements from a test campaign conducted in Hungary in 2020 plus three artificial scenarios (a multi-target scenario with an adjacent truck occluding other road users and two traffic jam situations in which the ego vehicle is either a car or a truck). These scenarios are benchmarked against existing sensor modeling approaches that only exclude objects that are outside the sensor's maximum detection range or angle. The modeling approach presented can be used as is or provide the basis for a more complex sensor model, as it reduces the number of potentially detectable targets and therefore improves the performance of subsequent simulation steps.

关键词： Occlusion model sensor model virtual testing ADAS/AD functions perception sensor

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A More Reliable Equivalent Circuit of Electrochemical sensors for Robust Design of CMOS Front-Ends

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IEEE sensorS JOURNAL 2025年第10期25卷 17275-17282页

作者： Meimandi, Ali Luca Barbruni, Gian Carrara, Sandro Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne Bio CMOS Interfaces Lab BCI CH-2000 Neuchatel Switzerland

Electrochemical sensors integrated with CMOS circuits play a pivotal role in quantifying various chemicals across a huge spectrum of applications, prominently in distributed diagnostics and remote monitoring. When designing integrated devices, meticulous consideration of the electrochemical sensor model becomes imperative, particularly in the CMOS design of electrochemical front-ends. This article proposes a thorough analysis of the prevalent equivalent circuits for the sensor often considered by CMOS designers, elucidating the substantial limitations inherent in two models largely used and widely recognized in the literature. On the other hand, a more comprehensive and precise electrical model is proposed, poised to enhance the robustness of the resulting circuit designs. The comparison between in vitro measurements and simulation results by considering these three models demonstrates the inherent inaccuracies in the two models conventionally used, while highlighting the improved accuracy of the proposed new electrical model. Using the dopamine detection with a fabricated digital potentiostat as a model example of CMOS design, the conventional electrical equivalent circuits manifest a noteworthy 60% difference in current readings within a sampling time of 600 ms, compared to the measurements, which are instead better followed by the more robust proposed new model. Furthermore, when evaluating saturation risk, the conventional models exhibit a staggering 110% error compared to the measurements and the proposed model.

关键词： Integrated circuit modeling Semiconductor device modeling sensors Solid modeling Equivalent circuits Biological system modeling Accuracy Mathematical models Chemical sensors Reliability Active model computer aided design (CAD) modeling CMOS design constant phase element (CPE) electrochemical biosensors electrochemical sensors equivalent circuits passive model potentiostat sensor model

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