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Reusable verification components for High-Energy Physics readout ASICs

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第2期20卷 C02002-C02002页

作者： Lupi, M. Esposito, S. Llopart-Cudie, X. Pulli, A. Scarfi, S. Kharwadkar, N. CERN 1 Esplanade Particules Meyrin Switzerland FNAL Kirk Rd & Pine St Batavia IL 60510 USA

Verification is a critical aspect of designing front-end (FE) readout ASICs for High-Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. These ASICs share several similar functional features, resulting in similar verification objectives, which can be addressed using comparable verification strategies. This contribution presents a set of re-usable verification components for addressing common verification tasks, such as clock generation, reset handling, configuration, as well as hit and fault injections. The components were developed as part of the CHIPS initiative and they have been successfully used in the verification of multiple HEP ASICs.

关键词： Digital electronic circuits Front-end electronics for detector readout Radiation-hard electronics simulation methods and programs

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simulation study on multi-unit integrated muon detection system based on recurrent neural network algorithm

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第3期20卷 P03027-P03027页

作者： Luo, S. Y. Zhang, H. F. Yin, L. X. Zeng, G. Q. Feng, S. Y. Feng, S. Du, X. C. Xiao, M. Wang, X. D. Univ South China Sch Nucl Sci & Technol Hengyang 421001 Peoples R China Univ South China Key Lab Adv Nucl Energy Technol Design & Safety Minist Educ Hengyang 421001 Peoples R China Univ South China Sch Resources Environm & Safety Engn Hengyang 421001 Peoples R China Chengdu Univ Technol Coll Nucl Technol & Automat Engn Chengdu 610059 Peoples R China

To achieve imaging of objects using cosmic ray muons, it is essential to determine the muon trajectories, and accurately locating the muon hit points is key to trajectory reconstruction. Current mainstream muon track detection systems require multiple electronic channels to precisely pinpoint the muon hit points, resulting in complex structures and high costs. The aim of this study is to design a muon track detection system characterized by simplicity, low cost, and high precision. This system is based on Geant4 software and features a circular plastic scintillator without segmentation coupled with Silicon Photon Multipliers (SiPMs). The simulation involves the use of SiPMs to collect the number of photons and the time of triggering SiPM responses as characteristic parameters, and employs a recurrent neural network (RNN) algorithm as the method for muon localization. The simulation results show that a plastic scintillator with a diameter of 20 cm and a thickness of 10 mm can achieve a position resolution of less than 1 cm while ensuring a large detection area. The more SiPMs are coupled, the more accurate the collected photon information is, which improves the position resolution of the detector. The reconstruction accuracy of the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) algorithm is comparable to that of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm within the uncertainties, but the reconstruction speed of the GRU algorithm is better than that of the LSTM algorithm. Under the same conditions, the training speed of the GRU algorithm is about 9/11 of that of the LSTM algorithm. The results of the multi-layer detection unit optimization scheme proposed in this study indicate that as the minimum number of detection unit layers in the muon positioning module increases, the position resolution of the system gradually improves. Considering the cost, the GRU algorithm can be chosen as the reconstruction algorithm, and the minimum detection unit with 8 SiPMs coupled in two layers can be se

关键词： Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter interaction of photons with matter interaction of hadrons with matter etc) Muon spectrometers Particle tracking detectors simulation methods and programs

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methods for the study of light propagation in LArTPCs

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第4期20卷 C04021-C04021页

作者： Adames, Marcio Rostirolla Univ Tecnol Fed Parana DAMAT Ave Sete Setembro Curitiba PR Brazil

Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) are widely used in particle physics experiments. They use light and charge released in events to reconstruct and analyze them. Light information collected by the Photon Detection System (PDS) is used mainly to determine the initial time stamp, t(0), and to support determining the total energy of the event. For these purposes, it is important to simulate and predict the propagation of light inside the detector. There are several approaches to this, and this work discusses some of the options.

关键词： Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc) simulation methods and programs Time projection Chambers (TPC)

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Multi-objective optimization shielding design for a transportable accelerator-driven neutron source

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第3期20卷 P03025-P03025页

作者： Ma, Baolong Jiang, Quanxu Li, Xiaobo Yang, Shanghui Liu, Chuang Li, Haipeng Yan, Mingfei Wang, Sheng Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Energy & Power Engn Dept Nucl Sci & Technol Xian 710049 Shaanxi Peoples R China XJTU Huzhou Neutron Sci Lab Sci Valley Medium Sized Bldg 1 Huzhou 313000 Zhejiang Peoples R China RIKEN Ctr Adv Photon Wako Saitama 3510198 Japan China Inst Atom Energy Beijing 102413 Peoples R China HBNCT Co Ltd Hangzhou 310000 Zhejiang Peoples R China

A transportable accelerator-driven neutron source (TANS), utilizing the 7Li(p, n)7Be reaction with 2.5 MeV protons, is under development at Xi'an Jiaotong University (X-TANS). To meet the requirements for a compact, lightweight, and safe shielding design for X-TANS, we employed a multi-objective shielding design method, NSGA-MC, which integrates the NSGA-II with MCNP calculations, developed in our previous study. This method was applied to design a compact shielding structure for the target station, measuring 98 cm x 98 cm x 98 cm and 3.0 tons. Additionally, a shielding cabin was meticulously designed to further attenuate radiation escaping from the target station while preserving heat dissipation, considering the complex working conditions on site. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, the optimized shielding design ensures that the dose rate on the surface of shielding cabin is below 0.5 mu Sv/h.

关键词： Radiation calculations simulation methods and programs

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Mitigating multiple single-event upsets during deep neural network inference using fault-aware training

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第2期20卷 C02044-C02044页

作者： Vinck, Toon Jonckers, Nain Dekkers, Gert Prinzie, Jeffrey Karsmakers, Peter Magics Technol Cipalstr 3 B-2440 Geel Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven ESAT ADVISE Kleinhoefstr 4 B-2440 Geel Belgium Katholieke Univ Leuven Dept Comp Sci Leuven AI Celestijnenlaan 200a B-3001 Leuven Belgium Flanders Make MPRO Gaston Geenslaan 8 B-3001 Leuven Belgium

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly used in safety-critical applications. Reliable fault analysis and mitigation are essential to ensure their functionality in harsh environments that contain high radiation levels. This study analyses the impact of multiple single-bit single-event upsets in DNNs by performing fault injection at the level of a DNN model. Additionally, a fault-aware training (FAT) methodology is proposed that improves the DNNs' robustness to faults without any modification to the hardware. Experimental results show that the FAT methodology improves the tolerance to faults up to a factor 3.

关键词： simulation methods and programs Analysis and statistical methods Data processing methods Software architectures (event data models, frameworks and databases)

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Functional verification for Endcap Concentrator ASICs in the High-Granularity Calorimeter upgrade of CMS

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第2期20卷 C02004-C02004页

作者： Lupi, M. Bergamin, G. Ceresa, D. Coko, D. Cummings, G. Gingu, V. Hammer, M. Hirschauer, J. Hoff, J. Kharwadkar, N. Kulis, S. Mantilla-Suarez, C. Noonan, D. Rubinov, P. Scarfi, S. Shenai, A. Syal, C. Wang, X. Wilson, J. Wickwire, R. CERN 1 Esplanade Particules Meyrin Switzerland Univ Split Fac Elect Engn Mech Engn & Naval Architecture 32 Rudjera Boskov HR-21000 Split Croatia FNAL Kirk Rd & Pine St Batavia IL 60510 USA Argonne Natl Lab 9700 S Cass Ave Lemont IL 60439 USA Baylor Univ Dept Phys 1311 S 5th St Waco TX 76706 USA

The High-Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) will replace the current CMS Endcap Calorimeter during Long-Shutdown 3. The Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs represent key elements in the readout chain, processing trigger (ECON-T) and data (ECON-D) streams from the HGCROC to the lpGBT. The ECONs will operate in a radiation environment with a High-Energy Hadron (E >= 20 MeV) flux up to 210(7) cm(-2)s(-1). This contribution describes the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)-based functional verification of the ECON ASICs focusing on the re-use of existing components to manage the complexity of the verification environment.

关键词： Digital electronic circuits Front-end electronics for detector readout Radiation-hard electronics simulation methods and programs

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Design space exploration for particle detector read-out implementations in Matlab and Simulink on the example of the SHiP SBT

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第2期20卷 C02022-C02022页

作者： Roessing, F. Arutinov, D. Brignoli, A. Fischer, H. Grewing, C. Lacker, H. Lyons, F. Zambanini, A. van Waasen, S. Forschungszentrum Julich Cent Inst Engn Elect & Analyt Elect Syst ZEA 2 D-52428 Julich Germany Humboldt Univ Inst Phys D-12489 Berlin Germany Albert Ludwigs Univ Freiburg Phys Inst D-79104 Freiburg Germany Univ Duisburg Essen Fac Engn Commun Syst D-47057 Duisburg Germany

On a very fundamental level, particle detectors share similar requirements for their read-out chain. This is reflected in the way that typical read-out solutions are developed, where a previous design is modified to fit changes in requirements. One of the two common approaches is the current-based read-out, where the waveform of the sensor output is sampled in order to later extract information in the central processing unit. This approach is used in many detector applications using scintillation based detectors, including PET. With this contribution, we will introduce how we use Matlab in order to simulate the read-out electronics of particle detectors. We developed this simulation approach as a base for our ongoing development of software-defined read-out Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) that cover the requirements of a variety of particle detector types. Simulink was chosen as a base for our developments as it allows simulation of mixed-signal systems and comes with built-in toolkits to aid in developments of such systems. With our approach, we want to take a new look at how we approach designing such a read-out, with a focus on digital signal processing closer to the sensor in order or reduce transmission bandwidth, making use of known signal characteristics and modern methods of communications engineering. We are taking into account the time profile of an event, the bandwidth-limiting properties of the sensor and attached electronics, digitization stages and finally the parameterization of approaches for digital processing of the signal. We will show how we are applying the design approach to the development of a read-out for the proposed SHiP SBT detector, which is a scintillation based detector relying on SiPMs sensors, using this as an example for our modelling approach and show preliminary results. Given the similarity in principle, the modelling approach could easily be modified for PET systems, allowing studies of the read-out chain to pos

关键词： Data acquisition concepts Digital signal processing (DSP) simulation methods and programs Front-end electronics for detector readout

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Testing a large size triple GEM detector for the first station of the CBM-Muon Chambers with a high-intensity gamma source at GIF plus plus under large-area illumination

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第4期20卷

作者： Agarwal, Apar Chattopadhay, Souvik Sharma, Pawan Kumar Dubey, Anand Kumar Saini, Jogender Singhal, Vikas Negi, Vinod Nandy, Ekata Ghosh, Chandrasekhar Emschermann, David Ahammed, Zubayer Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Variable Energy Cyclotron Ctr Kolkata India Homi Bhabha Natl Inst Mumbai India GSI Helmholtzzentrum Schwerionenforsch Darmstadt Germany

The physics studies at heavy-ion nucleus-nucleus collision experiments demand reliable detectors at high particle flux. Therefore, Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) detectors, which show resilience to extreme radiation, are one of the prime choices for the upcoming Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment at the Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research, Germany. However, operating them under these demanding conditions requires a systemic study at the highest incident particle flux. To this end, we have conducted extensive tests on a real-size triple GEM detector module with the high-intensity gamma flux using the Cs-137 source at the upgraded Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) at Conseil Europ & eacute;en pour la Recherche Nucl & eacute;aire (CERN). The detector response, particularly regarding the gain and efficiency of muon detection, was studied extensively with and without a gamma source in a free-streaming mode using self-triggered electronics. This configuration will be necessary for the CBM experiment since it will observe unprecedented event rates of about 10 MHz for Au-Au collisions. The analysis reveals an alignment between the expected and observed value of gain and efficiency with an increasing intensity of gamma flux at the operating voltage. The test results demonstrate that the large-size GEM detector prototype can handle elevated gamma rates of approximately 17.25 MHz/cm2 without significantly impacting its performance or suffering irreversible damage.

关键词： Micropattern gaseous detectors (MSGC, GEM, THGEM, RETHGEM, MHSP, MICROPIC, MICROMEGAS, InGrid, etc) Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors Trigger concepts and systems (hardware and software) simulation methods and programs

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Monte Carlo simulation of angular response of GRID detectors for GRID mission

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第3期20卷 P03017-P03017页

作者： Liu, Qize Pan, Xiaofan Zheng, Xutao Gao, Huaizhong Li, Longhao Wang, Qidong Yang, Zirui Tang, Chenchong Wu, Wenxuan Cheng, Jianping Zeng, Zhi Zeng, Ming Feng, Hua Zhang, Binbin Wang, Zhonghai Zhou, Rong Liu, Yuanyuan Lin, Lin Zhong, Jiayong Jiang, Jianyong Han, Wentao Tian, Yang Xu, Benda Tsinghua Univ Dept Engn Phys Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst High Energy Phys Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Dept Astron Beijing 100084 Peoples R China Nanjing Univ Sch Astron & Space Sci Nanjing 210093 Peoples R China Sichuan Univ Coll Phys Chengdu 610064 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Coll Nucl Sci & Technol Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Beijing Normal Univ Dept Astron Beijing 100875 Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ Dept Comp Sci & Technol Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

The scientific observation of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) paves the way towards unveiling a novel perspective of the dynamic universe. In the past few years, several nano-satellite (NanoSat) GRB observation missions were deployed, especially the Gamma-Ray Integrated Detectors (GRID) Mission which is currently constructing a constellation of NanoSats with more than ten compact gamma-ray detectors. Owing to the unpredictability of the time and location of GRBs, angular response of such compact detector is one of the most important aspects for not only the localization of GRBs but also the spectrum analysis of GRB events. This article presents a Monte Carlo framework for simulating the angular response of individual NanoSat in the GRID space mission and related experimental verification. Besides, the physical model constructed based on the simulated angular response in this article has been successfully applied to scientific analysis of multiple observed GRB events - GRB 230812B, GRB 210121A and GRB 220408B, and can be used for spatial localization of GRB events in the future.

关键词： Gamma detectors (scintillators, CZT, HPGe, HgI etc) Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc) simulation methods and programs Gamma detectors Gamma detectors (scintillators, CZT, HPGe, HgI etc)

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Development of methodology and implementation of SoC-based compact single-board validation system for the ATLAS Phase-II level-0 muon trigger system

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2025年第2期20卷 C02023-C02023页

作者： Narukawa, Yoshifumi Univ Tokyo Dept Phys 7-3-1 HongoBunkyo Ku Tokyo Japan

Firmware testing on actual hardware is an optimal way to validate large-scale FPGA-based trigger/DAQ systems. For the Phase-II level-0 muon trigger system at the ATLAS experiment, a methodology using prototype ATCA-based Sector Logic (SL) boards was developed, featuring self-complete DAQ, high-statistics test patterns, and various nature of input test data. The design exploits Zynq SoC on the board for control, injection of BRAM-based test patterns data and flexible DAQ to probe the process. This success is thanks to the flexibility of the SL board design around the SoC device. This methodology facilitates precise firmware validation and systematic debugging.

关键词： Data acquisition concepts simulation methods and programs Trigger concepts and systems (hardware and software) Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors

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