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Using machine learning to speed up and improve calorimeter R&D

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第5期15卷

作者： Ratnikov, F. NRU Higher Sch Econ Moscow Russia

Design of new experiments, as well as upgrade of ongoing ones, is a continuous process in the experimental high energy physics. Frontier R&Ds are used to squeeze the maximum physics performance using cutting edge detector technologies. The evaluation of physics performance for particular configuration includes sketching this configuration in Geant, simulating typical signals and backgrounds, applying reasonable reconstruction procedures, combining results in physics performance metrics. Since the best solution is a trade-off between different kinds of limitations, a quick turn over is necessary to evaluate physics performance for different techniques in different configurations. Two typical problems which slow down evaluation of physics performance for particular approaches to calorimeter detector technologies and configurations are: Emulating particular detector properties including raw detector response together with a signal processing chain to adequately simulate a calorimeter response for different signal and background conditions. This includes combining detector properties obtained from the general Geant simulation with properties obtained from different kinds of bench and beam tests of detector and electronics prototypes. Building an adequate reconstruction algorithm for physics reconstruction of the detector response which is reasonably tuned to extract the most of the performance provided by the given detector configuration. Being approached from the first principles, both problems require significant development efforts. Fortunately, both problems may be addressed by using modern machine learning approaches, that allow a combination of available details of the detector techniques into corresponding higher level physics performance in a semi-automated way. In this paper, we discuss the use of advanced machine learning techniques to speed up and improve the precision of the detector development and optimisation cycle, with an emphasis on the experience and

关键词： Calorimeter methods Calorimeters Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields charge transport multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission etc) simulation methods and programs

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Design of an energy analyzer for highly charged Ions HCI beams

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第7期15卷

作者： Boussaid, R. Inst for Basic Sci Korea Rare Isotope Sci Project Daejeon South Korea

The measurements of the energy spread and the average beam energy for highly charged ion (HCI) beams, such as those delivered from EBIS charge breeder ion source and ECR ion source, demand the development of an energy analyzer of highest measurement efficiency. A new prototype of a compact analyzer called retarding field energy analyzer RFEA capable to handle all kinds of HCI beams at RISP project is being designed. The RFEA's efficiency measurement has been evaluated via numerical simulations. The involvements of the beam emittance and, mainly, the space charge effect to degrade the RFEA's efficiency have been simulated. The simulations showed that the developed RFEA, with its improved optics system and for optimum voltages on the focusing cylinder, may lead to high efficiency energy resolutions not exceeding 0.57 eV for beam energy going up to 20 keV. Acceptable errors on the measured energy spread not exceeding 30 % are, likewise, achieved despite the presence of degradations stemming from the previous degrading effects. The measurement of the average energy showed large shifts of some hundred eV from the theoretical average beam energy due to the overlapping of the ensemble of beamlets forming the HCI beam. The 3D design of this analyzer and its components will be also presented. The material of these components and their positioning to avoid electrical breakdowns will be also discussed.

关键词： Beam Optics Detector design and construction technologies and materials simulation methods and programs Ion sources (positive ions, negative ions, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), electron beam (EBIS))

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On a crystal assisted positron source by 10 ÷ 50 MeV electrons

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第10期15卷

作者： Abdrashitov, S., V Kunashenko, Yu P. Pivovarov, Yu L. Dabagov, S. B. NR Tomsk Polytech Univ Lenin Ave 30 Tomsk 634050 Russia Natl Res Tomsk State Univ Lenin Ave 36 Tomsk 634050 Russia Tomsk State Pedag Univ Kievskaya Str 60 Tomsk 634061 Russia Ist Nazl Fis Nucl Lab Nazl Frascati Via E Fermi 40 I-00044 Frascati Italy RAS PN Lebedev Phys Inst Leninsky Ave 53 Moscow 119991 Russia NR Nucl Univ MEPhI Kashirskoe Sh 31 Moscow 115409 Russia

The results of recent studies for the positron production in the crystal assisted radiator-converter approach ("hybrid solution") are brief analysed for 10 divided by 50 MeV electrons. Computer simulations have been performed for both coherent and incoherent bremsstrahlung in Si and Ge crystal radiators that successfully irradiate the W amorphous converter to release the electron-positron pairs. The positron stopping calculations in a thick convertor allow the optimal converter thickness for the maximum positron yield to be determined, and moreover, the energy spectra for emitted positron beams to be drawn for optimal converter thickness.

关键词： Accelerator Applications Instrumentation for particle accelerators and storage rings - high energy (linear accelerators, synchrotrons) Interaction of radiation with matter simulation methods and programs

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SystemC framework for architecture modelling of electronic systems in future particle detectors

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第1期19卷 C01039-C01039页

作者： Brambilla, Francesco Enrico Ceresa, Davide Dhaliwal, Jashandeep Esposito, Stefano Kloukinas, Kostas Cudie, Xavier Llopart Pulli, Adithya CERN Esplanade Particules 1 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland

The prototyping cost in advanced technology nodes and the complexity of future detectors require the adoption of a system design approach common in the industry: design space exploration through high-level architectural studies to achieve clear and optimized specifications. This contribution proposes a configurable SystemC framework to simulate the readout chain from the front -end chips to the detector back -end. The model is transaction accurate, includes an event generator, interfaces with real physics events, and provides metrics such as readout efficiency, latency, and average queue occupancy. This contribution details the structure of the framework and describes a case study based on the LHCb VeLo upgrade II.

关键词： simulation methods and programs Software architectures (event data models, frameworks and databases) Data acquisition concepts Digital electronic circuits

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simulation and analysis of the single event transient characteristics of SiGe HBT at low-temperature environment

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第8期19卷 P08026-P08026页

作者： Adekoya, Mathew Adefusika Liu, Shuhuan Wang, Chao Du, Xiaozhi Xing, Tian Wang, Xuan Li, Haodi Guo, Yixian Zhou, Junye Zhang, Ximin Wang, Yutian Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Sci Xian 710049 Peoples R China Xidian Univ Sch Microelect Xian 710071 Peoples R China

This study investigates the temperature dependence of single event transient (SET) effects in silicon germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGe HBTs). Using Silvaco TCAD simulations, we analyze the influence of linear energy transfer (LET), emitter bias voltage, and striking angle across a temperature range from 100 K to 300 K. The results reveal that temperature significantly affects emitter pulse current and charge collection induced by heavy ions. Higher temperatures increase charge collection, while lower temperatures correspond to higher emitter current and shorter pulse width. The study also observes an increase in bandgap energy (from 1.12 eV to 1.16 eV) and electrostatic potential (from 1.19 V to 1.25 V) with decreasing temperature. The study highlights the crucial role of temperature in SiGe HBT performance under radiation threats and emphasizes drift and diffusion mechanisms as dominant for charge collection.

关键词： Models and simulations Radiation calculations Radiation damage to electronic components simulation methods and programs

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A semi-analytical energy response model for low-energy events in JUNO

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第10期15卷

作者： Kampmann, P. Cheng, Y. Ludhova, L. Forschungszentrum Julich Inst Kernphys D-52425 Julich Germany Rhein Westfal TH Aachen D-52062 Aachen Germany Inst High Energy Phys Beijing 100094 Peoples R China Beijing Inst Spacecraft Environm Engn Beijing 100094 Peoples R China

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a next-generation neutrino experiment under construction in China expected to be completed in 2022. As the main goal it aims to determine the neutrino mass ordering with 3-4 sigma significance using a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector. It will measure the oscillated energy spectrum of electron anti-neutrinos from two nuclear power plants at about 53 km baseline with an unprecedented energy resolution of 3% at 1 MeV. A requirement of the JUNO experiment is the knowledge of the energy non-linearity of the detector with a sub-percent precision. As the light yield of the liquid scintillator is not fully linear to the energy of the detected particle and dependent on the particle type, a model for this light yield is presented in this paper. Based on an energy non-linearity model of electrons, this article provides the conversion to the more complex energy response of positrons and gammas. This conversion uses a fast and simple algorithm to calculate the spectrum of secondary electrons generated by a gamma, which is introduced here and made open access to potential users. It is also discussed how the positron non-linearity can be obtained from the detector calibration with gamma sources using the results presented in this article.

关键词： Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc) simulation methods and programs Photoemission Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators)

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Geant4 silver anniversary: 25 years enabling scientific production

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第1期19卷 C01037-C01037页

作者： Basaglia, T. Bell, Z. W. D'Agostino, D. Dressendorfer, P. V. Pia, M. G. Ronchieri, E. CERN CH-1211 Geneva 23 Switzerland IEEE 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway NJ 08854 USA Univ Genoa DIBRIS Via Dodecaneso 35 I-16146 Genoa Italy INFN Sez Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 I-16146 Genoa Italy INFN CNAF Viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6-2 I-40127 Bologna Italy

This paper summarizes Geant4 contribution to scientific research over the past 25 years through a scientometric analysis of the results with which it has been associated. The scientometric data collected from scholarly literature and databases are evaluated with methods pertaining to econometrics and ecology to quantify relevant traits, diversity and disparity in their scientific and geographic distributions, and to identify statistically significant trends. The analysis reviews the contribution of Geant4 to the field - experimental particle physics - that originally motivated its development and highlights its role in other research domains including nuclear physics and engineering, astrophysics and space science, biomedical physics, archaeology and the cultural heritage.

关键词： simulation methods and programs Analysis and statistical methods

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Status of Geant4 simulations of calorimeters

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2020年第5期15卷

作者： Howard, A. Ivanchenko, V. Novak, M. Ribon, A. CERN EP Div Espl Particules 1 CH-1211 Meyrin Switzerland Imperial Coll London Phys Dept London SW7 2AZ England Tomsk State Univ Phys Dept 36 Lenin Ave Tomsk 634050 Russia

Geant4 is the main software tool for Monte Carlo simulations of the calorimeter response in high energy physics (HEP). In this work, we report recent developments of Geant4 physics models, which are available in version 10.6, released in December 2019. The main directions of Geant4 developments are discussed: improvements of physics model accuracy, technical modifications to increase CPU performance, and user interface extensions. It is expected that, due to these developments, the simulated responses of electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters will be slightly affected;validation results from thin-target as well as calorimeter benchmarks will be discussed. New options are introduced in Geant4 allowing to speed up the simulation. We provide recommendations to users on how they may optimize the simulations of their detectors using the new Geant4 interfaces. We will also discuss the role of Birks corrections on the simulation of calorimeter response.

关键词： Calorimeters simulation methods and programs

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A model of radiofrequency and plasma coupling for compact ion sources and design

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JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION 2024年第1期19卷 C01017-C01017页

作者： Cavenago, M. INFN LNL Lab Nazl Legnaro Viale Univ 2 I-35020 Legnaro PD Italy

Inductive coupling of radiofrequency power to plasma is a complicate process, since it depends from the density of plasma itself, because ionization is a chain reaction process, and, at low density a capacitive coupling may mix with inductive coupling (with no Faraday screen). Plasma temperature Te, density ne and vector potential are closely coupled, giving nonlinear and singular systems of Partial Differential equations, which require slow iterative solutions, motivating the consideration of a 2D model, also as rapid design and first approximation tool. Plasma conductivity and heating depend on collision rate, which includes also the so-called stochastic collisions (mainly electron collisions with walls), proportionally more important at low gas density ng. Conductivity is also affected by static and radiofrequency magnetic fields;results for skin depth and stochastic collision estimates are reported. The transport of Te and ne inside source can be controlled by a magnetic filter Bf. Considering a 5 cm radius H- ion source as example, solution of ne and Te are reported as a function of filter strength Bfa, applied rf power and wall status;solver convergence methods and key plasma observables are briefly discussed. Due to small dimension, a filter strength Bfa in the order of 8 mT is needed to achieve electron temperature lower than 2 eV (for negative ion production) at extraction.

关键词： Ion sources (positive ions negative ions electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) electron beam (EBIS)) simulation methods and programs

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Numerical study on the impact of errors in a 325 MHz radiofrequency quadrupole and assessing the validity of quasistatic approximation in the analysis

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PRAMANA-JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2022年第3期96卷 1-12页

作者： Gaur, Rahul Kumar, Vinit Homi Bhabha Natl Inst Mumbai 400094 Maharashtra India Raja Ramanna Ctr Adv Technol Indore 452013 India

The performance of a radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) is known to be sensitive to its geometric errors, as well as to the amplitude and phase errors of the input RF. Extensive statistical simulations are typically performed using the available computer codes, for assessing the effect of various errors, to fix the tolerances on these errors. Each of the statistical simulation requires beam dynamics calculations to be performed with a modified electromagnetic (EM) field configuration corresponding to the particular set of geometric errors. Although modified EM field due to geometrical errors should be accurately obtained using EM codes such as CST-MWS, such an approach is time-consuming. It is therefore common practice to obtain the EM fields, under quasistatic approximation, which is faster. Such an approach is routinely followed in codes such as TRACEWIN. In this paper, we first present extensive error studies, using this approach, for a 325 MHz, 3 MeV RFQ, which has been designed as a front-end accelerator for the envisaged Indian Facility for Spallation Research. The validity of quasistatic approximation for such error analysis is explicitly checked in this paper by comparing the results obtained using TRACEWIN, with those obtained using the EM fields derived from the CST-MWS code. To the best of our knowledge, such a comparison has not been reported before. Also, since the available computer codes do not give the option to study the effect of RF phase jitter in an RFQ, techniques evolved for this study are also described in this paper.

关键词： Radiofrequency quadrupole error analysis analysis and statistical methods simulation methods and programs accelerator modelling and simulations beam dynamics electromagnetic field analysis quasistatic approximation 29 17 +w 02 60 -x 29 27 -a 06 20 Dk 07 05 Tp

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