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Programmable Real-Time Scheduling of Disaggregated Network Functions: A Theoretical Model

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT 2025年第1期22卷 485-498页

作者： Levai, Tamas Vass, Balazs Retvari, Gabor Budapest Univ Technol & Econ HUN REN BME Informat Syst Res Grp H-1111 Budapest Hungary Budapest Univ Technol & Econ Dept Math & Comp Sci Hungarian Line HUN REN BME Informat Syst Res Grp H-1111 Budapest Hungary Babes Bolyai Univ Cluj Napoca 400347 Romania

Novel telecommunication systems build on a cloudified architecture running softwarized network services as disaggregated virtual network functions (VNFs) on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware to improve costs and flexibility. Given the stringent processing deadlines of modern applications, these systems are critically dependent on a closed-loop control algorithm to orchestrate the execution of the disaggregated components. At the moment, however, the formal model for implementing such real-time control loops is mostly missing. In this paper, we introduce a new real-time VNF execution environment that runs entirely on COTS hardware. First, we define a comprehensive formal model that enables us to reason about packet processing delays across disaggregated VNF processing chains analytically. Then we integrate the model into a gradient-optimization control algorithm to provide optimal scheduling for real-time infocommunication services in a programmable way. We present experimental evidence that our model gives a proper delay estimation on a real software switch. We evaluate our control algorithm on multiple representative use cases using a software switch simulator. Our results show the algorithm drives the system to a real-time capable state in just a few control periods even in case of complex services.

关键词： Real-time systems software Switches Delays Hardware Optimal scheduling Pipelines software algorithms Costs Telecommunications Dataflow graph software switch SDN NFV

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Modeling and Verification of MRSCAN Based on MapReduce Framework

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY 2025年

作者： Zuo, Zhengkang Ke, Yuhan Hu, Ying Huang, Qing Zeng, Zhicheng Wang, Changjing Jiangxi Normal Univ Sch Comp & Informat Engn Nanchang 330022 Peoples R China Jiangxi Normal Univ Jiangxi Prov Key Lab High Performance Comp Nanchang 330022 Peoples R China Jiangxi Normal Univ State Int Sci & Technol Cooperat Base Networked Su Nanchang 330022 Peoples R China Jiangxi Normal Univ Language Intelligence Res Ctr Nanchang 330022 Peoples R China East China Univ Technol Sch Software Fuzhou 344099 Peoples R China

Network clustering (graph clustering) plays a crucial role in discovering the inherent structures within networks. MapReduce-based structural clustering algorithm for networks (MRSCANs) designed based on MapReduce's parallel computing model, efficiently handles large-scale data. However, MRSCAN can only be tested through experiments, and its correctness cannot be guaranteed. To address this issue, this article has achieved the first implementation of functional MRSCAN modeling and subjected it to rigorous mechanized verification in Isabelle. First, based on Google's MapReduce model type definition and higher-order generic functions, a general MapReduce-based algorithm functional modeling framework is constructed across the fundamental global phases of Map, Shuffle, and Reduce. Moreover, diverse strategies are devised during the Shuffle phases according to user requirements, enhancing the applicability and generality of the MapReduce functional modeling framework. Second, formalizing the definition of MRSCAN, is delineated into four key steps: similarity calculation, core calculation, dimension expansion, and structural clustering. Furthermore, the MapReduce functional modeling framework is applied to these four steps to achieve the functional modeling of MRSCAN, which improves efficiency compared to other structural clustering algorithm for networks (SCANs) algorithms. Lastly, a verification framework for MapReduce-based algorithms is proposed at both the global and shuffle stages. Based on this framework, the correctness and reliability of MRSCAN are ensured. The model framework and verification framework of MapReduce-based algorithms proposed in this article can not only address functional modeling and verification of MRSCAN but also provide a reference for a series of other MapReduce-based functional program designs and proofs.

关键词： Clustering algorithms Computational modeling Reliability Programming Scalability Internet software algorithms Loss measurement Logic Complexity theory Function algorithm MapReduce-based structural clustering algorithm for networks (MRSCANs) modeling framework proof in Isabelle verification framework

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Object-Oriented Development, Revisited

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2025年第3期51卷 725-727页

作者： Booch, G. MIT IBMs Artificial Intelligence Lab Cambridge MA 02139 USA

Algorithmic decomposition formed the basis of the first golden age of software engineering, and object-oriented development (OOD) heralded its second.

关键词： Unified modeling language software Complexity theory Object oriented modeling software engineering software algorithms Buildings Microcomputers Computer architecture Complex systems software architecture methodology object-oriented

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Dynamic Change Management: Quiescence Revisited

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2025年第3期51卷 746-750页

作者： Kramer, Jeff Magee, Jeff Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med Dept Comp London SW7 2AZ England

By invitation, we revisit our 1990 paper - The Evolving Philosophers: Dynamic Change Management. The paper addressed the problem of safely updating large complex distributed systems while permitting the system to continue running to provide at least a partial service. We outline the context in which we addressed this problem, the key ideas behind the proposed solution and then focus on the development and influence of these ideas in both our own subsequent research and that of others.

关键词： Adaptation models Runtime Heuristic algorithms software architecture Connectors Computer architecture software algorithms Middleware Control systems Configuration management Change management distributed systems dynamic configuration system evolution software architecture self-adaptive systems controller synthesis

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Multifeature Matching for High-Resolution Fingerprint Recognition

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2025年 74卷

作者： Xu, Yuanrong Sun, Jiabao Chai, Tingting Zhang, Weigang Lu, Guangming Zhang, David Harbin Inst Technol Weihai Sch Comp Sci & Technol Weihai 264209 Peoples R China Harbin Inst Technol Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Guangdong Prov Key Lab Novel Secur Intelligence Te Shenzhen 518055 Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong Shenzhen Sch Data Sci Shenzhen 518172 Peoples R China

Pore-based high-resolution fingerprint recognition has been researched for many years, with studies demonstrating that pores can improve the accuracy of fingerprint identification. However, existing methods that rely solely on pores to measure the similarity between two fingerprints face challenges, particularly when dealing with partial fingerprints with limited overlapping areas. This article presents a novel high-resolution fingerprint recognition method that integrates multiple features. The proposed approach consists of three main steps. First, pixelwise correspondences are established using a dense matching algorithm, facilitating one-to-one matched pixels for overall similarity estimation and image alignment. On the basis of the alignment, pores outside the overlapping regions are removed. Second, pores within the common areas are matched using a partial graph matching algorithm, which reduces the impact of outliers and noise on the matching results. Since most of the outliers are already eliminated during the alignment step, the accuracy of pore matching is further enhanced. Finally, the overlapping areas of the two fingerprint images are used to calculate the overall similarity using a vision transformer (ViT) network. The final similarity between the two fingerprints is computed by integrating the pore matching results with the overall similarity of the overlapping areas. Experimental evaluations are finally conducted to assess the performance of the proposed method.

关键词： Fingerprint recognition Accuracy Image matching Feature extraction Multi-layer neural network Transformers Computer vision Training software algorithms Noise Fingerprint alignment fingerprint recognition pore comparison

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Field-Based Security Testing of SDN Configuration Updates

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RELIABILITY 2025年

作者： Malik, Jahanzaib Pastore, Fabrizio Univ Luxembourg SnT Ctr L-4365 Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg

software-defined systems revolutionized the management of hardware devices but introduced quality assurance challenges that remain to be tackled. For example, software defined networks (SDNs) became a key technology for the prompt reconfigurations of network services in many sectors including telecommunications, data centers, financial services, cloud providers, and manufacturing industry. Unfortunately, reconfigurations may lead to mistakes that compromise the dependability of the provided services. In this article, we focus on the reconfigurations of network services in the satellite communication sector, and target security requirements, which are often hard to verify;for example, although connectivity may function properly, confidentiality may be broken by packets forwarded to a wrong destination. We propose an approach for FIeld-based Security Testing of SDN Configurations Updates (FISTS). First, it probes the network before and after configuration updates. Then, using the collected data, it relies on unsupervised machine learning algorithms to prioritize the inspection of suspicious node responses, after identifying the network nodes that likely match across the two configurations. Our empirical evaluation has been conducted with network data from simulated and real SDN configuration updates for our industry partner, a world-leading satellite operator. Our results show that, when combined with K-Nearest Neighbor, FISTS leads to best results (up to 0.95 precision and 1.00 recall). Further, we demonstrated its scalability.

关键词： Clustering algorithms Testing Security software Nearest neighbor methods Anomaly detection Partitioning algorithms Inspection software algorithms Machine learning algorithms Field-based testing software defined network (SDN) security testing upgrades testing

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A Retrospective on Whole Test Suite Generation: On the Role of SBST in the Age of LLMs

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2025年第3期51卷 874-878页

作者： Fraser, Gordon Arcuri, Andrea Univ Passau Comp Sci D-94032 Passau Germany Kristiania Univ Coll N-0153 Oslo Norway Oslo Metropolitan Univ N-0166 Oslo Norway

This paper presents a retrospective of the article "Whole Test Suite Generation", published in the IEEE Transactions on software Engineering, in 2012. We summarize its main contributions, and discuss how this work impacted the research field of Search-Based software Testing (SBST) in the last 12 years. The novel techniques presented in the paper were implemented in the tool EvoSuite, which has been so far the state-of-the-art in unit test generation for Java programs using SBST. SBST has shown practical and impactful applications, creating the foundations to open the doors to tackle several other software testing problems besides unit testing, like for example system testing of Web APIs with EvoMaster. We conclude our retrospective with our reflections on what lies ahead, especially considering the important role that SBST still plays even in the age of Large Language Models (LLMs).

关键词： Test pattern generators Java software engineering Search problems software algorithms software testing Optimization System testing Python software EvoSuite SBST LLM Pynguin EvoMaster

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Simplifying and Isolating Failure-Inducing Input: A Retrospective on Delta Debugging

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2025年第3期51卷 820-824页

作者： Zeller, Andreas Hildebrandt, Ralf CISPA Helmholtz Ctr Informat Secur D-66133 Saarbrucken Germany Charite D-10117 Berlin Germany

Delta Debugging is a technique to simplify and isolate failure-inducing changes. Its most popular application is on program inputs, where it reduces a failure-inducing input to a minimal input that still triggers the failure. This paper provides a retrospective on Delta Debugging, discussing its origins, applications, and impact. We also discuss the limitations of Delta Debugging and suggest directions for future research.

关键词： Debugging Codes Python software Servers History Computer bugs software algorithms Search problems Manuals Delta debugging debugging software testing fault localization failure-inducing inputs

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A Retrospective on How Developers Seek, Relate, and Collect Information About Code

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2025年第3期51卷 848-851页

作者： Ko, Amy J. Myers, Brad A. Coblenz, Michael Aung, Htet Htet Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Calif San Diego San Diego CA 92093 USA HHAeXchange Reston VA 20191 USA

In the early 2000s, software development was shifting from offline to online, and from command line to IDE. We discuss our 2004 paper examining the impact of this shift on developers' program comprehension behaviors, our motivation for the work, and it's impact on the last twenty years of empirical studies and developer tool innovations. We end with a discussion of the possible unintended impacts LLMs have on program comprehension in the coming decades.

关键词： Codes Navigation Debugging Cognitive science Cognition Technological innovation Market research Testing software algorithms software software evolution programming environments

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A Hardware-Friendly Lightweight Partition Decision Algorithm for VVC Intra and Inter Coding

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS 2025年 32卷 941-945页

作者： Zan, Zhao Huang, Leilei Chen, Shushi Zeng, Xiaoyang Fan, Yibo Fudan Univ State Key Lab Integrated Chips & Syst Shanghai 201203 Peoples R China East China Normal Univ Inst Microelect Circuits & Syst Shanghai 200241 Peoples R China

The Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard notably enhances encoding efficiency with the Quad-Tree plus Multi-Type Tree (QTMTT) partition structure. However, the complex QTMTT tool presents substantial challenges in both software and hardware implementation. To overcome those challenges, this paper introduces a hardware-friendly partition decision algorithm for VVC intra and inter coding. Firstly, we propose a lightweight backbone network to extract partition-aware features. Secondly, we employ a Quantisation Parameter (QP) fusion network to regulate the impact of QPs on the partition structure. Additionally, we apply a top-down threshold-driven post-processing algorithm, in which improbable partition types are removed to directly derive the unique partition structure. Experiments show that our method not only exceeds the previous state-of-the-art work in BD-BR performance, but also shows sufficient hardware-friendly characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, this work is among the earliest to comprehensively discuss and implement a hardware-friendly partition decision algorithm.

关键词： Partitioning algorithms Hardware Encoding Signal processing algorithms Prediction algorithms Feature extraction Complexity theory software algorithms Convolution software VVC QTMTT partition decision complexity reduction hardware-friendly algorithm convolutional neural network intra coding inter coding

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