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Exploring how the intangible side of an organization impacts its business model

KYBERNETES 2021年第10期50卷 2790-2822页

作者： Sanchez-Segura, Maria-Isabel Dugarte-Pena, German-Lenin Amescua-Seco, Antonio Medina-Dominguez, Fuensanta Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Comp Sci & Engn Campus Leganes Madrid Spain

Purpose Information technology/software (IT/SW) professionals use the business model canvas (BMC) to identify innovative digital solutions that improve their client's business values. This paper aims to address the issue of considering, for a client company, the status of its intangible assets (IAs) in decision-making on the most innovative digital solution. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides a method (BMCIA-method) and a simulation tool (BMCIA-NetSim) to help IT/SW professionals identify and assess an organization's IAs and their impact on the BMC of digital business. Findings IT/SW professionals used this approach, at 14 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), to identify innovative solutions and add digital value to their businesses. They used the BMCIA to provide their clients (SME's chief executive officer or chief operating officer) with a view of the BMC enhanced with the status of IAs. These expressed interest in the use of the BMCIA and underscore its importance for making better decisions while aligning IT and the business. A survey reveals how well the BMCIA-method performed during its use to discover the best solution to be developed at each SME. Research limitations/implications IAs affect the achievement of the business goal targeted using the BMC. If these are not identified, valued and properly aligned with the BMC blocks, critical information is hidden from the eyes of IT/SW professionals and their clients, preventing optimal decision-making on which is the best IT/SW solution to be implemented to add digital value to the client company. Originality/value This proposal is unique insofar as it outlines a simulation-based methodological and technical solution using software agents to simulate the impact of the intangible side of an organization on its business model.

关键词： Intellectual capital Business strategy Business model innovation Intangible assets Digital business software engineering economics

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A Dataset of Enterprise-Driven Open Source software 17

A Dataset of Enterprise-Driven Open Source Software

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IEEE/ACM 17th International Conference on Mining software Repositories (MSR)

作者： Spinellis, Diomidis Kotti, Zoe Kravvaritis, Konstantinos Theodorou, Georgios Louridas, Panos Athens Univ Econ & Business Athens Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9781450375177

We present a dataset of open source software developed mainly by enterprises rather than volunteers. This can be used to address known generalizability concerns, and, also, to perform research on open source business software development. Based on the premise that an enterprise's employees are likely to contribute to a project developed by their organization using the email account provided by it, we mine domain names associated with enterprises from open data sources as well as through white- and blacklisting, and use them through three heuristics to identify 17 264 enterprise GitHub projects. We provide these as a dataset detailing their provenance and properties. A manual evaluation of a dataset sample shows an identification accuracy of 89%. Through an exploratory data analysis we found that projects are staffed by a plurality of enterprise insiders, who appear to be pulling more than their weight, and that in a small percentage of relatively large projects development happens exclusively through enterprise insiders.

关键词： software engineering economics software ecosystems open source software in business Fortune Global 500 SEC 10-K SEC 20-F EDGAR dataset

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Integrating Technical Debt Management and software Quality Management Processes: A Normative Framework and Field Tests

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software engineering 2019年第3期45卷 285-300页

作者： Ramasubbu, Narayan Kemerer, Chris F. Univ Pittsburgh Joseph M Katz Grad Sch Business Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA

Despite the increasing awareness of the importance of managing technical debt in software product development, systematic processes for implementing technical debt management in software production have not been readily available. In this paper we report on the development and field tests of a normative process framework that systematically incorporates steps for managing technical debt in commercial software production. The framework integrates processes required for technical debt management with existing software quality management processes prescribed by the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK), and it contributes to the further development of software-specific extensions to the PMBOK. We partnered with three commercial software product development organizations to implement the framework in real-world software production settings. All three organizations, irrespective of their varying software process maturity levels, were able to adopt the proposed framework and integrate the prescribed technical debt management processes with their existing software quality management processes. Our longitudinal observations and case-study interviews indicate that the organizations were able to accrue economic benefits from the adoption and use of the integrated framework.

关键词： Technical debt software quality software maintenance software engineering economics cost of quality software product development software process software extension to PMBOK case study

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From DevOps to BizOps: Economic Sustainability for Scalable Cloud Applications

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ACM TRANSACTIONS ON AUTONOMOUS AND ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS 2018年第4期12卷 25-25页

作者： Fokaefs, Marios Barna, Cornel Litoiu, Marin York Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci 4700 Keele St Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada

Virtualization of resources in cloud computing has enabled developers to commission and recommission resources at will and on demand. This virtualization is a coin with two sides. On one hand, the flexibility in managing virtual resources has enabled developers to efficiently manage their costs;they can easily remove unnecessary resources or add resources temporarily when the demand increases. On the other hand, the volatility of such environment and the velocity with which changes can occur may have a greater impact on the economic position of a stakeholder and the business balance of the overall ecosystem. In this work, we recognise the business ecosystem of cloud computing as an economy of scale and explore the effect of this fact on decisions concerning scaling the infrastructure of web applications to account for fluctuations in demand. The goal is to reveal and formalize opportunities for economically optimal scaling that takes into account not only the cost of infrastructure but also the revenue from service delivery and eventually the profit of the service provider. The end product is a scaling mechanism that makes decisions based on both performance and economic criteria and takes adaptive actions to optimize both performance and profitability for the system.

关键词： Cloud computing self-adaptive systems DevOps software engineering economics

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Productivity paradoxes revisited

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EMPIRICAL software engineering 2017年第2期22卷 818-847页

作者： Duarte, Carlos Henrique C. BNDES Ave Republ Chile 100 BR-20001970 Rio De Janeiro RJ Brazil

The adoption of quality assurance methods based on software process improvement models has been regarded as an important source of variability in software productivity. Some companies perceive that their implementation has prohibitive costs, whereas some authors identify in their use a way to comply with software development patterns and standards, produce economic value and lead to corporate performance improvement. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between quality maturity levels and labor productivity, using a data set containing 687 Brazilian software firms. We study here the relationship between labor productivity, as measured through the annual gross revenue per worker ratio, and quality levels, which were appraised from 2006 to 2012 according to two distinct software process improvement models: *** and CMMI. We perform independent statistical tests using appraisals carried out according to each of these models, consequently obtaining a data set with as many observations as possible, in order to seek strong support for our research. We first show that *** and CMMI appraised quality maturity levels are correlated, but we find no statistical evidence that they are related to higher labor productivity or productivity growth. On the contrary, we present evidence suggesting that average labor productivity is higher in software companies without appraised quality levels. Moreover, our analyses suggest that companies with appraised quality maturity levels are more or less productive depending on factors such as their business nature, main origin of capital and maintained quality level.

关键词： Productivity software engineering economics software process models software quality assurance

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Analyzing Fault Prediction Usefulness from Cost Perspective using Source Code Metrics 10

Analyzing Fault Prediction Usefulness from Cost Perspective ...

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10th International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3)

作者： Kumar, Lov Sureka, Ashish NIT Rourkela Rourkela India ABB Corp Res Bangalore Karnataka India

ISBN: (纸本)9781538630778

software fault prediction techniques are useful for the purpose of optimizing test resource allocation. software fault prediction based on source code metrics and machine learning models consists of using static program features as input predictors to estimate the fault proneness of a class or module. We conduct a comparison of five machine learning algorithms on their fault prediction performance based on experiments on 56 open source projects. Several researchers have argued on the application of software engineering economics and testing cost for the purpose of evaluating a software quality assurance activity. We evaluate the performance and usefulness of fault prediction models within the context of a cost evaluation framework and present the results of our experiments. We propose a novel approach using decision trees to predict the usefulness of fault prediction based on distributional characteristics of source code metrics by fusing information from the output of the fault prediction usefulness using cost evaluation framework and distributional source code metrics.

关键词： software engineering Source Code Metrics Fault Prediction Machine Learning software engineering economics

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Success Factors in Managing Legacy System Evolution: A Case Study

Success Factors in Managing Legacy System Evolution: A Case ...

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IEEE/ACM International Conference on software and System Processes (ICSSP)

作者： Huijgens, Hennie van Deursen, Arie van Solingen, Rini Delft Univ Technol & Goverdson Delft Netherlands Delft Univ Technol NL-2600 AA Delft Netherlands Delft Univ Technol & Prowareness Delft Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781450341882

In this paper, we attempt to understand what contributes to a successful process for managing legacy system evolution. We provide an analysis of a number of key performance indicators such as cost, duration, and defects. By normalizing through function points, we furthermore compare to a larger benchmark. To do so we performed a mixed, retrospective case study on a series of nine software releases and eight single once-only releases, all performing on a single, legacy software system, in a West-European telecom company. We interviewed eleven stakeholders that were closely involved in the subject software releases. As a result, we listed a number of observations from the quantitative and qualitative analysis. We found that a release process that performs above average on cost and duration satisfies stakeholders through fast response and direct value, even when the reliability and availability of the actual system is weak.

关键词： software engineering economics Release-Based software engineering Scrum Cost Duration Matrix

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Overcoming the Challenges in Cost Estimation for Distributed software Projects

Overcoming the Challenges in Cost Estimation for Distributed...

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34th International Conference on software engineering (ICSE)

作者： Ramasubbu, Narayan Balan, Rajesh Krishna Singapore Management Univ Sch Informat Syst Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9781467310673

We describe how we studied, in-situ, the operational processes of three large high process maturity distributed software development companies and discovered three common problems they faced with respect to early stage project cost estimation. We found that project managers faced significant challenges to accurately estimate project costs because the standard metrics-based estimation tools they used (a) did not effectively incorporate diverse distributed project configurations and characteristics, (b) required comprehensive data that was not fully available for all starting projects, and (c) required significant domain experience to derive accurate estimates. To address these challenges, we collaborated with practitioners at the three firms and developed a new learning-oriented and semi-automated early-stage cost estimation solution that was specifically designed for globally distributed software projects. The key idea of our solution was to augment the existing metrics-driven estimation methods with a case repository that stratified past incidents related to project effort estimation issues from the historical project databases at the firms into several generalizable categories. This repository allowed project managers to quickly and effectively "benchmark" their new projects to all past projects across the firms, and thereby learn from them. We deployed our solution at each of our three research sites for real-world field-testing over a period of six months. Project managers of 219 new large globally distributed projects used both our method to estimate the cost of their projects as well as the established metrics-based estimation approaches they were used to. Our approach achieved significantly reduced estimation errors (of up to 60%). This resulted in more than 20% net cost savings, on average, per project - a massive total cost savings across all projects at the three firms!

关键词： Globally distributed software development software engineering economics cost estimation case-based reasoning analogies project management learning

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Configuring Global software Teams: A Multi-Company Analysis of Project Productivity, Quality, and Profits 11

Configuring Global Software Teams: A Multi-Company Analysis ...

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33rd International Conference on software engineering (ICSE)

作者： Ramasubbu, Narayan Cataldo, Marcelo Balan, Rajesh Krishna Herbsleb, James D. Singapore Management Univ 80 Stamford Rd Singapore 178902 Singapore Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450304450

In this paper, we examined the impact of project-level configurational choices of globally distributed software teams on project productivity, quality, and profits. Our analysis used data from 362 projects of four different firms. These projects spanned a wide range of programming languages, application domain, process choices, and development sites spread over 15 countries and 5 continents. Our analysis revealed fundamental tradeoffs in choosing configurational choices that are optimized for productivity, quality, and/or profits. In particular, achieving higher levels of productivity and quality require diametrically opposed configurational choices. In addition, creating imbalances in the expertise and personnel distribution of project teams significantly helps increase profit margins. However, a profit-oriented imbalance could also significantly affect productivity and/or quality outcomes. Analyzing these complex tradeoffs, we provide actionable managerial insights that can help software firms and their clients choose configurations that achieve desired project outcomes in globally distributed software development.

关键词： Globally distributed software development software engineering economics quality management empirical analysis

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Valuing software Service Development in Support of Business-to-Consumer Services

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CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES-REVUE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES DE L ADMINISTRATION 2010年第1期27卷 39-52页

作者： Tansey, Brendan Stroulia, Eleni Univ Alberta Dept Comp Sci Edmonton AB T6G 2E8 Canada

In efforts to innovate, organizations are increasingly offering competitive value-added services, frequently by evolving their software infrastructure. Business decisions are often motivated by economic trade-offs related to the development and management of this software. To develop an economic-modelling framework fur the evolutionary development of software-based services, we examine the problem of estimating the return on a software-evolution investment. We present methods for estimating both the cost of developing a new service by incrementally modifying existing software and the value generated by introducing the service to the market in terms of revenue generated by the new service and the value of potential future services it may enable. An example case study illustrates the model. Copyright (C) 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： software engineering economics real option theory software value estimation service-oriented architecture econometric modelling

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