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Case studies in software process modeling with system dynamics

software process: Improvement and Practice 2000年第2‐3期5卷

作者： Ray Madachy Denton Tarbet Litton Guidance and Control Systems 5500 Canoga Ave. M/S 50 Woodland Hills California 91367-6698 USA Author is now with Cambridge Internet Solutions

Litton's Guidance and Control Systems (GCS) Division has been using system dynamics to create mostly small-scale models for investigating managerial process issues and supporting personnel training. At the project level, these include models for planning specific projects, studying Brooks's Law and hiring issues, an interactive earned value model, requirements volatility and a detailed peer review model. The perspective of some of the models has been at a multi-project or departmental level including domain learning, product-line reuse processes and resource contention among projects. Insights provided by the models have supported decision-making at different levels and helped galvanize process improvement efforts. The training applications have added spark in classes and improved overall learning. The models encapsulate collective knowledge of modeling participants, and support organizational learning. By examining the models and simulated behavior, managers share a process vision and can discuss issues against the common models. The models have helped managers understand the key factors in complex scenarios. Knowledge of the interrelated technical and social factors coupled with simulation tools has enabled GCS to improve their planning and management processes. modeling is also used to support training of software managers and leads. Topics including earned value techniques, productivity estimation, requirements volatility effects and extrapolation of project tracking indicators have been presented with simulation models. Some of these are ‘flight training’ scenarios that the students interact with to practice project control. Though we are in the early stages of many of these efforts, they will be followed through and reported on at a later time. This paper describes our introductory experiences and plans for the future. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

关键词： software process modeling system dynamics simulation systems thinking flight simulation

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Flexible software process enactment support in the APSEE model

Flexible software process enactment support in the APSEE mod...

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IEEE Symposia on Human Centric Computing Languages and Environments (HCC 02)

作者： Reis, CAL Reis, RQ Abreu, M Schlebbe, H Nunes, DJ Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul PPGC Porto Alegre RS Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)0769516440

software process Technology recently evolved to automate software process management by providing specialized languages and environments to control the human performance in software development activities This paper presents APSEE as an executable visual language for software process modeling The meta-model was specified using graph-grammars, which successfully derived a Java-based implementation Finally, this experience is discussed with respect to the support for dynamic changes in enacting processes.

关键词： software process enactment software process modeling visual language graph-grammars algebraic specification

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Simulation-based risk reduction for planning inspections 4th

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4th International Conference on Product Focused software process Improvement

作者： Neu, H Hanne, T Münch, J Nickel, S Wirsen, A Fraunhofer Inst Expt Software Engn D-67661 Kaiserslautern Germany Fraunhofer Inst Ind Math D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany

ISBN: (纸本)3540002340

Organizations that develop software have recognized that software process models are particularly useful for maintaining a high standard of quality. In the last decade, simulations of software processes were used in several settings and environments. This paper gives a short overview of the benefits of software process simulation and describes the development of a discrete-event model, a technique rarely used before in that field. The model introduced in this paper captures the behavior of a detailed code inspection process. It aims at reducing the risks inherent in implementing inspection processes and techniques in the overall development process. The determination of the underlying cause-effect relations using data mining techniques and empirical data is explained. Finally, the paper gives an outlook on our future work.

关键词： risk reduction simulation software inspection software process modeling software process improvement and discrete-event simulation

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Behavioral characterization: finding and using the influential factors in software process simulation models

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2001年第3期59卷 259-270页

作者： Houston, DX Ferreira, S Collofello, JS Montgomery, DC Mackulak, GT Shunk, DL Honeywell Inc Phoenix AZ 85021 USA Arizona State Univ Scottsdale AZ 85257 USA Motorola IISG Scottsdale AZ 85257 USA Arizona State Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Tempe AZ 85287 USA Arizona State Univ Dept Ind Engn Tempe AZ 85287 USA

Most software process simulation work has focused on the roles and uses of software process simulators, on the scope of models, and on simulation approaches. Consequently, the literature reflects a growing body of models that have recently been characterized by modeling purpose, scope, key result variables, and simulation method. While the software process simulation arena is maturing, little effort appears to have been given to statistical evaluation of model behavior through sensitivity analysis. Rather, most of software process simulation experimentation has examined selected factors for the sake of understanding their effects with regard to particular issues, such as the economics of quality assurance or the impact of inspections practice. In a broad sense, sensitivity analysis assesses the effect of each input on model outputs. Here, we discuss its use for behaviorally characterizing software process simulators. This paper discusses the benefits of using sensitivity analysis to characterize model behavior;the use of experimental design for this purpose;our procedure for using designed experiments to analyze deterministic simulation models;the application of this procedure to four published software process simulators;the results of our analysis;and the merits of this approach. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： sensitivity analysis design of experiments model characterization software process modeling

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A dynamic simulator of software processes to test process assumptions

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2001年第1期56卷 81-90页

作者： Donzelli, P Iazeolla, G Univ Roma Tor Vergata Comp Sci Lab I-00133 Rome Italy Univ Roma Tor Vergata CERTIA Res Ctr I-00133 Rome Italy

Validation testing of software processes may provide both qualitative and quantitative suggestions to understand the ways to change the software process to improve its quality, or the ways to achieve specific organisation's needs. In many cases, however, such understanding has to be done without affecting the actual environment. To this purpose, this paper introduces the use of process simulators for validation testing. To be effective, however, simulators must combine the ability to sustain the complexity of the modelling problem with the so-called dynamic estimation capability, that is the capability of representing the dynamics of the simulated process. To achieve such objectives, the introduced simulator is based on the association of three conventional modelling methods (analytical, continuous and discrete-event) into a unique hybrid multi-level new model, called dynamic capability model (DCM). The paper applies DCM in the context of a waterfall-based software process to study the effects of three different quality assurance management policies on given process quality attributes, as effort, delivery time, productivity, rework percentage, and product quality. The verification of the simulator representativeness is also performed by reproducing empirically known facts in the process behaviour. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： software process modeling simulation modeling hybrid simulation

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Application of a hybrid process simulation model to a software development project

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2001年第3期59卷 237-246页

作者： Martin, R Raffo, D Portland State Univ Sch Business Adm Portland OR 97207 USA Portland State Univ Engn Management Program Portland OR 97207 USA

Simulation models of the software development process can be used to evaluate potential process changes. Careful evaluation should consider the change within the context of the project environment. While system dynamics models have been used to model the project environment, discrete event and state-based models are more useful when modeling process activities. Hybrid models of the software development process can examine questions that cannot be answered by either system dynamics models or discrete event models alone. In this paper, we present a detailed hybrid model of a software development process currently in use at a major industrial developer. We describe the model and show how the model was used to evaluate simultaneous changes to both the process and the project environment. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： simulation simulation modelling software process software process modeling

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A hybrid software process simulation model

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software process: Improvement and Practice 2001年第2期6卷

作者： Paolo Donzelli Giuseppe Iazeolla Laboratory for Computer Science and CERTIA Research Center University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’ 00133 Roma Italy

This paper deals with simulation modeling of software processes and proposes the combination of three traditional modeling methods (analytical, continuous and discrete-event) into a unique hybrid two-level modeling approach. At the higher abstraction level, the process is modeled by a discrete-event queuing network, which represents the component activities (i.e. service stations), their interactions, and the exchanged artifacts. The implementation details of the introduced activities are given at the lower abstraction level, where the analytical and continuous methods are used. The proposed approach is applied to a waterfall-based software process to study the effects of requirements instability on various process quality attributes, as effort, delivery time, productivity, rework percentage and product quality. Simulation results show that the use of the model can provide both qualitative and quantitative suggestions on how to change the software process to improve its quality or to achieve specific organizational goals. The model is primarily designed to represent the behavior of hypothetical projects, to allow researchers to view the implications of their assumptions. However, with small improvements, it can be extended to become a tool for analyzing and predicting the behavior of actual projects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： software process modeling simulation modeling hybrid simulation

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Planning support to software process evolution

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF software ENGINEERING AND KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING 2000年第1期10卷 31-47页

作者： Conradi, R Nguyen, MN Wang, AI Liu, CN Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol N-7034 Trondheim Norway Beijing Polytech Univ Beijing 100022 Peoples R China

The ability to handle changes is a characteristic feature of successful software projects. The problem addressed in this paper is what should be done in project planning and iterative replanning so that the project call react effectively to changes. Thus the work presents research results in software engineering, as well as transfer of methods in knowledge engineering to software engineering, applying the Al planning technique to software process modeling and software project management. Our method is based on inter-project experience and evolution patterns. We propose a new classification of software projects, identifying and characterizing ten software process evolution patterns and link them to different project profile. Based on the evolution patterns, we discuss the planning support for process evolution and propose several methods that are new or significantly extend existing work, e.g. cost estimation of process changes, evolution pattern analysis, and a coarse process model for the initial planning and the iterative replanning process. The preliminary results have shown that;the study of evolution patterns, based on inter-project experience, can provide valuable guidance in software process understanding and improvement..

关键词： software process modeling software process evolution measurements planning

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A model of the software development process using both continuous and discrete models

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software process: Improvement and Practice 2000年第2‐3期5卷

作者： Robert H. Martin David Raffo Engineering Management Portland State University Portland Oregon USA School of Business Administration Portland State University Portland Oregon USA

software process models have been simulated using system dynamics and discrete modeling paradigms. System dynamics models describe the interaction between project factors, but do not easily represent queues and discrete process steps. On the other hand, discrete event models describe process steps, but may not have enough events to represent feedback loops accurately. We develop a combined model that represents the software development process as a series of discrete process steps executed in a continuously varying project environment. We demonstrate the feasibility of this model by combining a discrete event model of the ISPW6 software process example with the system dynamics model developed by Abdel-Hamid and Madnick. The combination of these two modeling paradigms creates the opportunity to examine new problems and issues that are highly relevant to software project managers. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

关键词： system dynamics discrete event simulation software process modeling simulation software development hybrid models

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Modelling a software evolution process: a long-term case study

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software process: Improvement and Practice 2000年第2‐3期5卷

作者： B. W. Chatters M. M. Lehman J. F. Ramil P. Wernick ICL Ambassador House Concord Business Park Threapwood Road Wythenshaw Manchester M22 0NE UK Department of Computing Imperial College 180 Queen's Gate London SW7 2BZ UK Department of Computer Science University of Hertfordshire College Lane Hatfield Hertfordshire AL10 9AB UK

This paper describes a high-level system dynamics model of a real-world software evolution process. This process is evolving the kernel (low-level routines) of VME, the operating system of a long-lived and successful series of ICL mainframe computers. The model has been developed as part of the continuing FEAST project, which is investigating the role and impact of feedback in the global software process. The modelling approach is top-down, which has resulted in a simple model reflecting elements of the global software process at a high level of abstraction. The actual behaviour of the software evolution process being studied, in terms of enhancements completed and modules added to the kernel over a period of 13 years, is simulated by model outputs. The work reported here, together with the previous construction and calibration of an equivalent model for a different type of software product being evolved in a different context, provides support for the FEAST hypothesis, which states that software evolution processes are feedback systems. The models also suggest that feedback pressures from outside technical software processes have an important influence on the dynamics of the overall software processes, and on resultant evolutionary product and process trends. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

关键词： laws of software evolution system dynamics software process modeling software process simulation feedback FEAST E-type systems

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