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Deformable adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry: anthropometric data representing size distributions of adult worker populations and software algorithms

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PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010年第13期55卷 3789-3811页

作者： Na, Yong Hum Zhang, Binquan Zhang, Juying Caracappa, Peter F. Xu, X. George Rensselaer Polytech Inst Troy NY 12180 USA

Computational phantoms representing workers and patients are essential in estimating organ doses from various occupational radiation exposures and medical procedures. Nearly all existing phantoms, however, were purposely designed to match internal and external anatomical features of the Reference Man as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). To reduce uncertainty in dose calculations caused by anatomical variations, a new generation of phantoms of varying organ and body sizes is needed. This paper presents detailed anatomical data in tables and graphs that are used to design such size-adjustable phantoms representing a range of adult individuals in terms of the body height, body weight and internal organ volume/mass. Two different sets of information are used to derive the phantom sets: (1) individual internal organ size and volume/mass distribution data derived from the recommendations of the ICRP in Publications 23 and 89 and (2) whole-body height and weight percentile data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002). The NHANES height and weight data for 19 year old males and females are used to estimate the distributions of individuals' size, which is unknown, that corresponds to the ICRP organ and tissue distributions. This paper then demonstrates the usage of these anthropometric data in the development of deformable anatomical phantoms. A pair of phantoms-modeled entirely in mesh surfaces-of the adult male and female, RPI-adult male (AM) and RPI-adult female (AF) are used as the base for size-adjustable phantoms. To create percentile-specific phantoms from these two base phantoms, organ surface boundaries are carefully altered according to the tabulated anthropometric data. software algorithms are developed to automatically match the organ volumes and masses with desired values. Finally, these mesh-based, percentile-specific phantoms are converted into voxel-based phantoms for Monte Carlo ra

关键词： REFERENCE MAN software algorithms Percentile radiation protection National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Adipose Tissue International Commission on Radiological Protection Photoradiation Body fat

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Combining software algorithms and Machine Learning in Business Data Processing 22

Combining Software Algorithms and Machine Learning in Busine...

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22nd IFAC Conference on Technology, Culture and International Stability (TECIS)

作者： Ivanova, Valentina Chivarov, Nayden Staikova, Maya Bulgarian Acad Sci Inst Informat & Commun Technol Sofia Bulgaria

The article proposes a stepwise evolution of an algorithmic software solution for purchase order recognition to an AI upgraded system to improve the overall data extraction accuracy and to minimize the need for human ... 详细信息

关键词： business data processing knowledge-based systems machine learning robotic process automation software algorithms

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Combining software algorithms and Machine Learning in Business Data Processing

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2024年第3期58卷 198-202页

作者： Valentina Ivanova Nayden Chivarov Maya Staikova Institute of Information and Communication Technology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

关键词： business data processing knowledge-based systems machine learning robotic process automation software algorithms

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A Methodology for Power Aware High-Level Synthesis of Co-processors from software algorithms

A Methodology for Power Aware High-Level Synthesis of Co-pro...

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International Conference on VLSI Design

作者： Sumit Ahuja Wei Zhang Avinash Lakshminarayana Sandeep K. Shukla FERMAT Laboratory Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA Cebatech Inc. Eatontown NJ USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781424455416

Hardware co-processors are used for accelerating specific compute-intensive tasks dedicated to video/audio codec, encryption/decryption, etc. Since many of these data-processing tasks already have efficient software algorithms, one could reuse those to synthesize the co-processor IPs. However, such software algorithms are usually sequential and written in C/C++. High-level Synthesis (HLS) helps in converting software implementation to register transfer level (RTL) hardware design. Such co-processor based systems show enhanced performance but often have greater power/energy consumption. Therefore, the automated synthesis of such accelerator IPs must be power-aware. Downstream power savings features such as clock-gating are unknown during HLS. Designer is forced to take such power-aware decisions only after logic synthesis stage, causing an increase in design time and effort. In this paper, we present a design automation solution to facilitate various granularities of clock-gating at high-level C description of the design.

关键词： High level synthesis Coprocessors software algorithms Hardware Clocks Acceleration Codecs Cryptography Energy consumption Logic design

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software AND VLSI algorithms FOR GENERALIZED RANKED ORDER FILTERING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 1987年第5期34卷 553-559页

作者： FITCH, JP Lawrence Livermore Laboratory University of California Livermore CA USA

The threshold decomposition architecture is known to provide a modular and parallel design for ranked order filtering. However, the chip area grows exponentially with the number of bits in the input. In this paper a new architecture which is equivalent to the threshold decomposition is shown to have linear growth in the size of the input words. Filtering is accomplished by a pipelined bit by bit algorithm. Hardware modifications to the filtering scheme are accomplished by changing data paths and the number of cells to be replicated rather than modifying the functions performed by each module. Hardware redundancy to prevent single points of failure can be provided when space for extra modules is available. If external data flow control is provided, the chip can be programmed for many different filtering operations. The basic representation of the generalized rank order filter as a maximum of minimums also provides a fast software implementation and intuitive description of these filters as adaptive rank operations. Because the threshold description is extremely slow on a general-purpose computer, this is essential for investigating new applications of these robust signal and image processing filters.

关键词： Very large scale integration software algorithms Filtering algorithms Computer architecture Hardware Adaptive filters Application software Robustness Signal processing Image processing

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Pre-hardware optimization of spacecraft image processing software algorithms and hardware implementation

Pre-hardware optimization of spacecraft image processing sof...

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IEEE Conference on Aerospace

作者： S. Kizhner D.J. Petrick T.P. Flatley P. Hestnes M. Jentoft-Nilsen K. Blank Goddard Space Flight Center NASA Greenbelt MD USA

Spacecraft telemetry rates and product complexity have steadily increased over the last decade presenting a problem for real-time processing by ground facilities. This paper proposes a solution to a related problem for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Spacecraft (GOES-8) image data processing and color picture generation (GOES-8 application). The proposed solution is based on a PC platform and synergy of optimized software algorithms and reconfigurable computing hardware (RC) technologies, such as FPGA and DSP. The solution involved porting the GOES-8 application from its Silicon Graphics Inc Workstation/UNIX platform, making minor platform specific changes to the GOES-8 application so that it runs on the PC, benchmarking the various code segments, and implementing the most computing intensive functions in hardware. After pre-hardware optimization steps in the PC environment, the necessity for RC hardware implementation for bottleneck code became more evident. The problem was solved beginning with the methodology described by T. Flatley (AIST-0132-0000, 1999), M. Figueiredo et al (IEEE Comp. Mag., pp. 115-118, 1999), and S. Kizhner (Proc. ION GPS'2000), and implementing a novel methodology for this application. The PC-RC interface bandwidth problem for the class of applications with moderate input-output data rates but large intermediate multi source data streams has been addressed and mitigated. This opens a new class of satellite image processing applications for bottleneck problem solution using RC technologies. The issue of a science algorithm level of abstraction necessary for RC hardware implementation is also described. Selected software functions already implemented in hardware were investigated for applicability in order to create a library of RC functions for ongoing work. A complete class of spacecraft image processing applications development using reconfigurable computing technology to meet real-time requirements, including methodology, perfo

关键词： Space vehicles Image processing software algorithms Hardware Application software Space technology Telemetry Data processing Color Field programmable gate arrays

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Clock-offset tracking software algorithms for IR-UWB energy-detection receivers

Clock-offset tracking software algorithms for IR-UWB energy-...

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IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB)

作者： Manuel Flury Ruben Merz Jean-Yves Le Boudec School of Computer and Communication Sciences EPF Lausanne Switzerland EPFL School of Computer and Communication Sciences Deutsche Telekom Laboratories Berlin TU Berlin

We present a clock-offset tracking algorithm for impulse-radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) energy-detection receivers. There is a complexity versus performance trade-off for the design of IR-UWB energy-detection receivers: Extremely low-complexity energy-detection receivers are built with a large, constant integration duration; they are robust to clock drifts but are sensitive to noise enhancement effects and cannot adapt to channel variations. More sophisticated energy-detection receivers use a shorter integration duration and combine several weighted outputs of the energy collector; they are robust to noise enhancement effects, can adapt to channel variations and offer a much better performance than non-adaptive receivers. However, they become sensitive to clock offsets. Hence, there is a need for low-complexity clock-offset tracking solutions to support adaptive energy-detection receivers. Our solution is constructed around the Radon transform, an image processing tool traditionally used to detect line features in images. Our solution is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4a standard, does not increase the hardware complexity of the receiver and reduces the performance loss due to clock offset to less than 0.5 dB.

关键词： Clocks software algorithms Noise robustness Delay estimation Frequency synchronization Hardware Energy consumption Physical layer Transmitters Phase locked loops

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On the stability of software clustering algorithms 8

On the stability of software clustering algorithms

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8th International Workshop on Program Comprehension (IWPC 2000)

作者： Tzerpos, V Holt, RC Univ Toronto Toronto ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0769506569

A crucial step in understanding a large legacy software system is to decompose it into meaningful subsystems, which can be separately studied. This decomposition can be done either manually or automatically by a software clustering algorithm (SCA). Similar versions of a software system can be expected to have similar decompositions. We say an SCA is stable if small changes in its input (the software system) produce small changes in its output (the decomposition). This paper defines stability formally, explains why it is an essential property for an SCA, and gives experimental results from evaluating the stability of various decomposition algorithms suggested in the literature.

关键词： Clustering algorithms Computer industry Documentation Hardware Programming Reverse engineering software algorithms software systems Stability Visualization

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Elimination of Multipath Signals in Antenna Measurement Systems by software Gating algorithms

Elimination of Multipath Signals in Antenna Measurement Syst...

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International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Communications

作者： Truong Vu Bang Giang Vietnam Natl Univ Coll Technol ColTech Hanoi Vietnam

ISBN: (纸本)9781424426805

Measurement results of antenna patterns, which have not been done in an anechoic chamber, are influenced by multipath effects. In this work, an automated system for antenna measurement taking the advantage of software gating algorithms has been built. The role of software gating algorithms for rejecting of multipath signals so as to improve the measurement results has been analyzed and accessed. As an application, antenna patterns of a half-wavelength and a three-half-wavelength dipole have been measured. Measurement results before and after applying gating algorithms have been compared.

关键词： Antenna measurements software measurement software systems software algorithms Dipole antennas Hardware Band pass filters Position measurement Frequency domain analysis Educational institutions

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Methods for selecting and improving software clustering algorithms

Methods for selecting and improving software clustering algo...

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IEEE Workshop on Program Comprehension

作者： Mark Shtern Vassilios Tzerpos York University Toronto ONT Canada

Several software clustering algorithms have been proposed in the literature, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Most of these algorithms have been applied to particular software systems with considerable success. However, the question of how to select a software clustering algorithm that is best suited for a specific software system remains unanswered. In this paper, we introduce a method for the selection of a software clustering algorithm for specific needs. The proposed method is based on a newly introduced formal description template for software clustering algorithms. Using the same template, we also introduce a method for software clustering algorithm improvement.

关键词： Clustering algorithms software algorithms software systems software maintenance Algorithm design and analysis software quality Heuristic algorithms Guidelines software standards Terminology

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