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software complexity and its impacts in embedded intelligent real-time systems

JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2005年第2期78卷 128-145页

作者： Coskun, E Grabowski, M Le Moyne Coll Business Dept Syracuse NY 13214 USA Sakarya Univ Econ & Adm Sci Fac TR-54040 Esentepel Adapazari Turkey Rensselaer Polytech Inst Dept Decis Sci & Engn Syst Troy NY 12180 USA

Applications of intelligent software systems are proliferating. As these systems proliferate, understanding and measuring their complexity becomes vital, especially in safety-critical environments. This paper proposes a model assessing the impacts of complexity for a particular type of intelligent software system, embedded intelligent real-time systems (EIRTS), and answers two research questions. (1) How should the complexity of embedded intelligent real-time systems be measured?, and (2) What are the impacts of differing levels of EIRTS complexity on software, operator and system performance when EIRTS are deployed in a safety-critical large-scale system? The model is tested and operationalized using an operational EIRTS in a safety-critical environment. The results suggest that users significantly prefer simple decision support and user interfaces, even when sophisticated user interfaces and complex decision support capabilities have been embedded in the system. These results have interesting implications for operators using complex EIRTS in safety-critical settings. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： software complexity safety-critical systems embedded systems intelligent systems real-time systems human performance operator performance software performance technology impact software evaluation socio-technical studies

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software complexity: A statistical case study through insertion sort

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APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION 2007年第1期190卷 40-50页

作者： Kumari, Anchala Chakraborty, Soubhik TM Bhagalpur Univ Marwari Coll Dept Stat Bhagalpur 812007 India Univ Patna Dept Stat Patna 800005 Bihar India

The present paper makes use of factorial experiments to assess software complexity using insertion sort as an example. A new modeling for insertion sort is proposed. It might be of interest to implement the methodolog... 详细信息

关键词： insertion sort average complexity interchanges parameters of input distribution stochastic modeling of deterministic computer experiment software complexity

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software complexity and Testing Effectiveness: An Empirical Study

Software Complexity and Testing Effectiveness: An Empirical ...

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55th Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium

作者： Kevrekidis, Kostas Albers, Stijn Sonnemans, Peter J. M. Stollman, Guillaume M. Eindhoven Univ Technol POB 513 NL-5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands Philips Healthcare BU Cardio Vascular NL-5680DA Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9781424425082

This paper presents a simple method for evaluating the effectiveness of testing strategies by using the relation between software reliability and software complexity. A wide range of metrics from the literature are being tested for their suitability in measuring changes in software complexity of software code at different levels of system partitioning. Reliability data from software tests and operational data of professional systems from the field are examined for their dependency on software complexity. Does more complex software require more rigorous testing? Is current testing adequate for taking the complexity factor out of the equation or does it still remain relevant for software reliability in the field? The results of the statistical analysis show that software complexity is relevant during testing, affecting the amount of discovered errors. It does not affect software field reliability once the code has been debugged. In addition it is suggested that software complexity metrics when used to measure software changes, should be applied to low level software partitioning before integration

关键词： software complexity software Reliability Analysis

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software complexity Measurement for Flight software

Software Complexity Measurement for Flight Software

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IEEE Space, Aerospace and Defence Conference (SPACE)

作者： Savitha, A. Pushpavathi, T. P. Prasad, Yogesh Kumar, Prasanna ISRO URSC Reliabil & Qual Assurance Software Grp Bengalure India MS Ramaiah Univ Appl Sci Dept Comp Sci Bengalure India ISRO URSC Commun Syst Grp Bangalore Karnataka India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350367393;9798350367386

The usage of software, which is used in variety of missions like Loe, Geo and interplanetary missions is increasing from mission to mission. The flight software size is increasing to take care of safety and security parameters, autonomy features and also to handle contingencies like failure detection, isolation and recovery. The growth rate of software will increase for future missions as new functionally gets added in software rather than hardware. This paper mainly concentrates on the software complexity metrics based on the static analysis carried out. This analysis helps to address the risks associated with development in size and complexity of flight software.

关键词： SDLC (software Development Life Cycle) software complexity software complexity metrics software Requirements software Design Function Point Analysis

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software complexity Measurement Based on Complex Network 8

Software Complexity Measurement Based on Complex Network

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8th IEEE International Conference on software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS)

作者： Li Hanyan Wang Shihai Liu Bin Xiao Peng Beihang Univ Sch Reliabil & Syst Engn Sci & Technol Reliabil & Environm Engn Lab Beijing 100191 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781538604977

Usually the complexity metric of software focuses on the complexity of code level, function level or structure level separately. It lacks of measurement for the comprehensive complexity of software system. This paper proposes a complexity metric model of three-level cascade network that based on complex network theory. In this metric model, the complexity of code level, function level and structure level are measured and the cascaded relationship between the three levels are analyzed. At last, the three-level cascade network model is built and the comprehensive complexity of software system is measured though the three-level cascade network model. The experiment result shows that the comprehensive complexity of the software system is correlated positively to the number of software defects.

关键词： software complexity cascade network software metric complex network defect prediction

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How Much Does software complexity Matter for Maintenance Productivity? The Link Between Team Instability and Diversity

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2023年第4期49卷 2459-2475页

作者： Benaroch, Michel Lyytinen, Kalle Syracuse Univ Whitman Sch Management Syracuse NY 13244 USA Case Western Reserve Univ Design & Innovat Dept Cleveland OH 44106 USA

software complexity decreases maintenance productivity, as do team attributes of instability and knowledge diversity. We know little about the extent to which the two team attributes interact with software complexity and shape productivity across systems of varying complexity. We address this gap by investigating whether and to what degree software complexity moderates the effects of team instability and knowledge diversity on maintenance productivity over the life of a system. We posit, given the exponential growth of code and task dependencies inherent in complex software systems, that system-level complexity has a significant nonlinear amplifying effect on the adverse effects of the two team attributes. To validate the presence of such an effect, we conduct a robust split-sample econometric analysis using three years of maintenance data from 426 mission-critical systems of a Fortune 100 company. The sampled systems vary in size (50KLOC to 2000KLOC, where 20% exceed 500KLOC), with a considerable portion of the sample manifesting "high" to "very high" software complexity. The analysis corroborates the known adverse effects of team instability, team knowledge diversity, and software complexity on maintenance productivity. More importantly, it shows-as theorized-that the adverse effects of the team attributes on maintenance productivity are significantly amplified only when software complexity grows high. We conclude with practical and research implications about how to manage software teams maintaining complex software over the life of a system.

关键词： Maintenance engineering Task analysis software complexity theory Productivity Codes software maintenance Interaction effects high software complexity productivity software complexity software maintenance team instability team knowledge diversity

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software development practices, software complexity, and software maintenance performance: A field study

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MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 1998年第4期44卷 433-450页

作者： Banker, RD Davis, GB Slaughter, SA Univ Texas Sch Management Richardson TX 75083 USA Univ Minnesota Carlson Sch Management Minneapolis MN 55455 USA Carnegie Mellon Univ Grad Sch Ind Adm Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

software maintenance claims a large proportion of organizational resources. It is thought that many maintenance problems derive from inadequate software design and development practices. Poor design choices can result in complex software that is costly to support and difficult to change. However, it is difficult to assess the actual maintenance performance effects of software development practices because their impact is realized over the software life cycle. To estimate the impact of development activities in a more practical time frame, this research develops a two-stage model in which software complexity is a key intermediate variable that links design and development decisions to their downstream effects on software maintenance. The research analyzes data collected from a national mass merchandising retailer on 29 software enhancement projects and 23 software applications in a large IBM COBOL environment. Results indicate that the use of a code generator in development is associated with increased software complexity and software enhancement project effort. The use of packaged software is associated with decreased software complexity and software enhancement effort. These results suggest an important link between software development practices and maintenance performance.

关键词： software maintenance software complexity software productivity software quality software economics software metrics management of computing and information systems

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EVALUATING software complexity-MEASURES

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 1988年第9期14卷 1357-1365页

作者： WEYUKER, EJ Department of Computer Science Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences New York University 251 Mercer Street New York NY 10012

A set of properties of syntactic software complexity measures is proposed to serve as a basis for the evaluation of such measures. Four well-known complexity measures are evaluated and compared using these criteria. This type of formalized evaluation should help to clarify the strengths and weaknesses of existing and proposed complexity measures, aid in the selection of appropriate measures, and ultimately lead to the definition of better measures by emphasizing important properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

关键词： Cyclomatic number data flow software complexity software metrics software science

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Dealing with software complexity in individual-based models

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METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION 2021年第12期12卷 2324-2333页

作者： Vedder, Daniel Ankenbrand, Markus Sarmento Cabral, Juliano Univ Wurzburg Ecosyst Modeling Grp Ctr Computat & Theoret Biol Wurzburg Germany Univ Wurzburg Ctr Computat & Theoret Biol Wurzburg Germany

Individual-based models are doubly complex: as well as representing complex ecological systems, the software that implements them is complex in itself. Both forms of complexity must be managed to create reliable models. However, the ecological modelling literature to date has focussed almost exclusively on the biological complexity. Here, we discuss methods for containing software complexity. Strategies for containing complexity include avoiding, subdividing, documenting and reviewing it. Computer science has long-established techniques for all of these strategies. We present some of these techniques and set them in the context of IBM development, giving examples from published models. Techniques for avoiding software complexity are following best practices for coding style, choosing suitable programming languages and file formats and setting up an automated workflow. Complex software systems can be made more tractable by encapsulating individual subsystems. Good documentation needs to take into account the perspectives of scientists, users and developers. Code reviews are an effective way to check for errors, and can be used together with manual or automated unit and integration tests. Ecological modellers can learn from computer scientists how to deal with complex software systems. Many techniques are readily available, but must be disseminated among modellers. There is a need for further work to adapt software development techniques to the requirements of academic research groups and individual-based modelling.

关键词： ecological modelling individual-based models model complexity research software engineering software complexity software development

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COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF software complexity METRICS AND PROGRAM MODULES - A MULTIDIMENSIONAL-SCALING APPROACH

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software QUALITY JOURNAL 1992年第3期1卷 159-173页

作者： KHOSHGOFTAAR, TM MUNSON, JC RAVICHANDRAN, S FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIV BOCA RATONFL 33431 UNIV W FLORIDA PENSACOLAFL 32514

A multivariate statistical procedure called multidimensional scaling is used to study the relationship of various software complexity metrics and program modules. The program modules that make up a software system are analysed and their effects towards the overall characteristics of a software are viewed. This multidimensional scaling technique is applied to a sample data set. The scaling procedure clustered the similar and dissimilar software complexity metrics. Program modules with low complexity and few errors clustered together, while modules which were complex were isolated. This technique shows promise in the identification of complex modules that potentially contain disproportionate errors prior to the testing phase. The ability of the scaling techniques to cluster similar and dissimilar characteristics is explained and graphically presented.

关键词： software complexity MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING software METRICS PROGRAM MODULES

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