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On fuzzy repetitions detection in documentation reuse

PROGRAMMING AND COMPUTER software 2016年第4期42卷 216-224页

作者： Luciv, D. V. Koznov, D. V. Basit, H. A. Terekhov, A. N. St Petersburg State Univ Univ Skaya Nab 7-9 St Petersburg 199034 Russia Lahore Univ Management Sci DHA Opposite Sect U Lahore 54792 Pakistan

Increasing complexity of software documentation calls for additional requirements of document maintenance. documentation reuse can make a considerable contribution to solve this problem. This paper presents a method for fuzzy repetitions search in software documentation that is based on software clone detection. The search results are used for document refactoring. This paper also presents documentation Refactoring Toolkit implementing the proposed method and integrated with the DocLine project. The proposed approach is evaluated on documentation packages for a number of open-source projects: Linux Kernel, Zend Framework, Subversion, and DocBook.

关键词： FUZZY logic software documentation software refactoring LINUX operating systems KERNEL (Computer software)

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How programmers find online learning resources

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EMPIRICAL software ENGINEERING 2023年第2期28卷 1-30页

作者： Arya, Deeksha M. Guo, Jin L. C. Robillard, Martin P. McGill Univ Sch Comp Sci Montreal PQ Canada

When learning a new technology, programmers often have to sift through multiple online resources to find information that addresses their questions. Prior work has reported that information seekers use a number of different strategies, including following scents, or indicators, to locate appropriate resources. We present a qualitative and quantitative investigation of how programmers learning a new technology employ these strategies to navigate between online resources and evaluate the pertinence of these resources. We performed a diary and interview study with ten programmers learning a new technology, to study how users navigate from the question they have to the resource that satisfies this need. Based on our observations, we propose a resource-seeking model that represents the online resource seeking behaviour of programmers when learning a new technology. The model is comprised of six components that can be divided into two groups: Need-oriented components, i.e. Questions, Preferences, and Beliefs, and Resource-oriented components, i.e. Resources, Cues, and Impression Factors. We identified nine relations between these components and studied how the components are associated. We report on the characteristics of the components and the relationships between them, and discuss the importance of search customization and other implications of our observations for resource creators and search tools.

关键词： software documentation Information seeking Online learning resources User study Diary study Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis

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Feature location enhancement based on source code augmentation with synonyms of terms

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software-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2021年第2期51卷 235-259页

作者： Saifan, Ahmad A. Obeidat, Lana Yarmouk Univ Fac IT Informat Syst Dept Irbid Jordan

In software maintenance the developers may add new feature to program, improve existing function, and remove bugs. In this case the developer should identify the location in the source code that corresponds to a specific functionality;this is known as feature location. This presents a new approach for enhancing the process of feature location using Information Retrieval (IR) and Natural Language Processing. The approach presented augments the source code with additional semantic information that was extracted and derived from the synonyms of source code terms. This approach works in a pipeline structure, starting by augmenting the source code corpus with synonyms of the original terms and ending by inferring the source code with a particular user query. More specifically, the WordNet platform is used for extracting the synonyms of terms. Moreover, the approach uses an advanced IR technique, namely the Latent Semantic Indexing, for searching and inferring the source code. The used approach was tested and evaluated on two open source systems, namely the Qt and Hippodraw. Four experiments were conducted on each system using 21 features and the results showed that enriching the source code with synonyms of terms clearly and significantly improved the process of feature location efficiently. The experimental results showed that the approach presented obtained higher levels of Recall and Precision. For that reason, it has been shown to improve the state-of-the-art techniques for feature location process.

关键词： augmentation with synonyms feature location latent semantic indexing software documentation software engineering

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Generation of natural language text using perspective descriptor in frames

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IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH 2001年第1-2期47卷 43-57页

作者： Uma, GV Geetha, TV Anna Univ Sch Comp Sci & Engn Chennai 600025 India

Generation of natural language text requires the ability to determine what information to include and how to organize it to achieve its communicative goal effectively. Natural language generation is a highly complex task whose automation is performed by accessing huge amount of knowledge sources such as domain knowledge, world knowledge and common sense knowledge. software documentation is chosen as application for our work because of its closed ended domain i.e. even if the domain is not clearly specified the inputs required have to be properly identified for producing corresponding document. Since different levels of documents (Documenting each one of them is a critical job. The documentation is nothing but the art of accumulation, classification and dissemination of information) have to be produced depending upon the status of the user, the inputs have to be identified accordingly. The main aim of this work is to identify necessary inputs needed for generating a natural language text in the form of software document using knowledge representation technique, frames, by adding a new component called perspective descriptors, by which the epistomological status of the frame is being improved which increases the efficiency of the search engine and tries to reduce the spatio temporal complexities obtained in the existing frame structure. Frames are chosen as knowledge representation scheme because of their efficiency in processing and producing huge amount of information without any deterioration.

关键词： natural language generation knowledge representation frames software documentation perspective descriptor and perspective concepts

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Patterns of Knowledge in API Reference documentation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON software ENGINEERING 2013年第9期39卷 1264-1282页

作者： Maalej, Walid Robillard, Martin P. Univ Hamburg Dept Informat Mobile Serv & Software Engn Grp Hamburg Germany McGill Univ Sch Comp Sci Montreal PQ Canada

Reading reference documentation is an important part of programming with application programming interfaces (APIs). Reference documentation complements the API by providing information not obvious from the API syntax. To improve the quality of reference documentation and the efficiency with which the relevant information it contains can be accessed, we must first understand its content. We report on a study of the nature and organization of knowledge contained in the reference documentation of the hundreds of APIs provided as a part of two major technology platforms: Java SDK 6 and .NET 4.0. Our study involved the development of a taxonomy of knowledge types based on grounded methods and independent empirical validation. Seventeen trained coders used the taxonomy to rate a total of 5,574 randomly sampled documentation units to assess the knowledge they contain. Our results provide a comprehensive perspective on the patterns of knowledge in API documentation: observations about the types of knowledge it contains and how this knowledge is distributed throughout the documentation. The taxonomy and patterns of knowledge we present in this paper can be used to help practitioners evaluate the content of their API documentation, better organize their documentation, and limit the amount of low-value content. They also provide a vocabulary that can help structure and facilitate discussions about the content of APIs.

关键词： API documentation software documentation empirical study content analysis grounded method data mining pattern mining Java .NET

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18 million links in commit messages: purpose, evolution, and decay

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EMPIRICAL software ENGINEERING 2023年第4期28卷 1-29页

作者： Xiao, Tao Baltes, Sebastian Hata, Hideaki Treude, Christoph Kula, Raula Gaikovina Ishio, Takashi Matsumoto, Kenichi Nara Inst Sci & Technol Ikoma Japan Univ Adelaide Adelaide Australia Shinshu Univ Matsumoto Japan Univ Melbourne Melbourne Australia

Commit messages contain diverse and valuable types of knowledge in all aspects of software maintenance and evolution. Links are an example of such knowledge. Previous work on "9.6 million links in source code comments" showed that links are prone to decay, become outdated, and lack bidirectional traceability. We conducted a large-scale study of 18,201,165 links from commits in 23,110 GitHub repositories to investigate whether they suffer the same fate. Results show that referencing external resources is prevalent and that the most frequent domains other than *** are the external domains of Stack Overflow and Google Code. Similarly, links serve as source code context to commit messages, with inaccessible links being frequent. Although repeatedly referencing links is rare (4%), 14% of links that are prone to evolve become unavailable over time;e.g., tutorials or articles and software homepages become unavailable over time. Furthermore, we find that 70% of the distinct links suffer from decay;the domains that occur the most frequently are related to Subversion repositories. We summarize that links in commits share the same fate as links in code, opening up avenues for future work.

关键词： Commit messages software documentation Link sharing Link decay

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Lightweight Traceability for the Agile Architect

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COMPUTER 2016年第5期49卷 64-71页

作者： Gayer, Sebastian Herrmann, Andrea Keuler, Thorsten Riebisch, Matthias Antonino, Pablo Oliveira MID GmbH Berlin Germany Herrmann & Ehrlich Berlin Germany John Deere Intelligent Solut Grp Kaiserslautern Germany Univ Hamburg Software Engn Hamburg Germany Fraunhofer Inst Expt Software Engn Kaiserslautern Germany

Although traceability information is vital to many software engineering activities, agile development approaches rarely use it because of the extra effort required. In this industry case study, the authors report the results of applying their lightweight semiautomated method that integrates traceability into software architecture developed with an agile process like Scrum.

关键词： program diagnostics software architecture software prototyping Scrum agile architect agile development approaches lightweight semiautomated method lightweight traceability information software architecture software engineering Agricultural machinery Computer architecture documentation Maintenance engineering software engineering Scrum agile architecture agile development agile processes process models programming environments requirements engineering software architecture software development software documentation software engineering software management software methods test specifications traceability

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software Systems Engineering programmes a capability approach

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JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND software 2017年 125卷 354-364页

作者： Landwehr, Carl Ludewig, Jochen Meersman, Robert Parnas, David Lorge Shoval, Peretz Wand, Yair Weiss, David Weyuker, Elaine George Washington Univ Cyber Secur Policy & Res Inst Washington DC USA Univ Stuttgart Inst Software Stuttgart Germany Graz Univ Technol Fak Informat Inst Informat Syst & Comp Medien Graz Austria Middle Rd Software Ottawa ON Canada Ben Gurion Univ Negev Beer Sheva Israel Univ British Columbia Sauder Sch Business Vancouver BC Canada Iowa State Univ Ames IA USA Malardalen Univ Vasteras Sweden Univ Cent Florida Orlando FL 32816 USA

This paper discusses third-level educational programmes that are intended to prepare their graduates for a career building systems in which software plays a major role. Such programmes are modelled on traditional Engineering programmes but have been tailored to applications that depend heavily on software. Rather than describe knowledge that should be taught, we describe capabilities that students should acquire in these programmes. The paper begins with some historical observations about the software development field. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Engineering Education software education Information systems software design software development software documentation

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Early Commercial Electronic Distribution of software

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IEEE ANNALS OF THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING 2014年第1期36卷 39-51页

作者： Stachniak, Zbigniew York Univ Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci N York ON M3J 1P3 Canada

Commercial electronic distribution of software (EDS) originated in the second half of the 1970s. By the early 1980s, several North American and European companies were already distributing software using common communications networks. This article charts the development of the early commercial EDS industry in North America, focusing on cable television-based, direct-to-home services.

关键词： Commercialization Consumer electronics electronic delivery of software history of computing Marketing and sales Microcomputers NABU software development software documentation telesoftware teletext TGN videotext

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Automatic production of end user documentation for DSLs

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COMPUTER LANGUAGES SYSTEMS & STRUCTURES 2018年 54卷 337-357页

作者： Le Moulec, Gwendal Blouin, Arnaud Gouranton, Valerie Arnaldi, Bruno Univ Rennes INSA Rennes INRIA CNRSIRISA Rennes France

Domain-specific languages (DSL) are developed for answering specific problems by leveraging the expertise of domain stakeholders. The development of DSLs requires a significant software engineering effort: editors, code generators, etc, must be developed to make a DSL usable. Documenting a DSL is also a major and time-consuming task required to promote it and address its learning curve. Recent research work in software language engineering focus on easing the development of DSLs. This work focuses on easing the production of documentation of textual DSLs. The API documentation domain identified challenges we adapted to DSL documentation. Based on these challenges we propose a model-driven approach that relies on DSL artifacts to extract information required to build documentation. Our implementation, called Docywood, targets two platforms: Markdown documentation for static web sites and Xtext code fragments for live documentation while modeling. We used Docywood on two DSLs, namely ThingML and Target Platform Definition. Feedback from end users and language designers exhibits qualitative benefits of the proposal with regard to the DSL documentation challenges. End user experiments conducted on ThingML and Target Platform Definition show benefits on the correctness of the created models when using Docywood on ThingML. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： software documentation Domain-specific language Model slicing

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