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9th International Conference on Computer and Knowledge Engineering (ICCKE)

作者： Ahmad, Hussein Al-haj Sedaghat, Yasser Moradiyan, Mahin Ferdowsi Univ Mashhad Comp Engn Dept Dependable Distributed Embedded Syst DDEmS Lab Mashhad Razavi Khorasan Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781728150758

Recently, numerous safety-critical systems have employed a variety of fault tolerance techniques, which are considered an essential requirement to keep the system fault-tolerant. While the current trend in processors technology has increased their effectiveness and performance, the sensitivity of processors to soft errors has increased significantly, making their fault tolerance ability questionable. In this context, fault injection is considered as one of the most popular, rapid, and cost-effective techniques which enables the designers to assess the fault tolerance of systems under faults before their deployment. In this paper, a pure software fault injection technique called LDSFI (a Lightweight Dynamic software-based fault injection) is presented and evaluated. Due to the dynamic aspect of LDSFI, faults are automatically injected into binary code at runtime. Thereby, the proposed technique does not impose any program runtime overhead since the intended source code is not required. The effectiveness of LDSFI was validated through performing exhaustive fault injection experiments using well-known benchmarks. The experiments were carried out using a Core 2 Duo processor, as an Intel x86 Dual-Core PC with 4GB RAM running Ubuntu Linux 14.04 with the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) version 4.9. Since LDSFI relies on the GNU, it is highly portable and can be adapted for different platforms.

关键词： software-implemented fault injection faults fault tolerance soft error dynamic binary injection

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A Light-Weight fault injection Approach to Test Automated Production System PLC software in Industrial Practice

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CONTROL ENGINEERING PRACTICE 2017年 58卷 12-23页

作者： Roesch, Susanne Vogel-Heuser, Birgit Tech Univ Munich Boltzmannstr 15 D-85748 Garching Germany

A light-weight software-implemented fault injection (SWIFT) testing approach is introduced, focusing on technical process faults and system faults. The reaction of automated production systems (aPSs) and their programmable logic controller (PLC) software to these faults is tested. In order to tailor the testing approach to the aPS domain in industrial practice, our test generation is based on a classification of possible deviations, i.e. a classification of possible technical process and system faults as the PLC perceives them. As a result, both specification and test execution become more efficient for practitioners. Furthermore, the test specification is tailored for execution on IEC 61131-3 programming environments. In this, the execution of test cases both against simulation or the real aPS, is enabled.

关键词： Automated production system software-implemented fault injection Automated software testing Programmable logic controller Error handling

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Understanding the Effects of Data Corruption on Application Behavior Based on Data Characteristics 34th

Understanding the Effects of Data Corruption on Application ...

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34th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security (SAFECOMP)

作者： Stefanakis, Georgios Nagarajan, Vijay Cintra, Marcelo Univ Edinburgh Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland Intel Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783319242552;9783319242545

In this paper, the results of an experimental study on the error sensitivities of application data are presented. We develop a portable software-implemented fault-injection (SWIFI) tool that, on top of performing single-bit flip fault injections and capturing their effects on application behavior, is also data-level aware and tracks the corrupted application data to report their high-level characteristics (usage type, size, user, memory space location). After extensive testing of NPB-serial (7.8M fault injections), we are able to characterize the sensitivities of data based on their high-level characteristics. Moreover, we conclude that application data are error sensitive in parts;depending on their type, they have distinct and wide less-sensitive bit ranges either at the MSBs or LSBs. Among other uses, such insight could drive the development of sensitivity-aware protection mechanisms of application data.

关键词： Data-level error sensitivity Bit-level error sensitivity software-implemented fault injection

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fault injection Scheme for Embedded Systems at Machine Code Level and Verification

Fault Injection Scheme for Embedded Systems at Machine Code ...

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15th Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing

作者： Jin, Ang Jiang, Jian-hui Tongji Univ Dept Comp Sci & Technol Shanghai 201804 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769538495

In order to evaluate software from the third party whose source codes are not available, after a careful analysis of the statistic data sorted by Orthogonal Defect Classification, and the corresponding relation between patterns of high level language programs and machine codes, we propose a fault injection scheme at machine code level suitable respectively to the IA32. ARM and MIPS architecture, which takes advantage of mutating machine code. To prove the feasibility and validity of this scheme, two sets of programs are chosen as our experimental target: Set I consists of two different versions of triangle testing algorithms, and Set H is a subset of the Mibench which is a collection of performance benchmark programs designed for embedded systems;vile inject both high level faults into the source code written in C language and the corresponding machine code level faults directly into the executables, and monitor their running on Linux. The results from experiments show that at least 96% of total similarity degree is obtained. Therefore, we conclude that the feet of injecting corresponding faults on both the source code level and machine code level are mostly the same. Therefore, our scheme is rather useful in analyzing system behavior under faults.

关键词： embedded program software-implemented fault injection mutation fault injection at machine code level similarity degree

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Validation of fault tolerance mechanisms of an onboard system

Validation of fault tolerance mechanisms of an onboard syste...

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Systems and Control in Aerospace and Astronautics, 2006. ISSCAA 2006. 1st International Symposium on

作者： Junjie Peng Jun Ma Bingrong Hong Chengjun Yuan Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China Jiao Zuo University Jiaozuo China Institute of CASC Xi'an China

ISBN: (纸本)0780393953

fault tolerance is of importance to increase the dependability of computer systems. However, it is hard to be evaluated and validated, which will be either time-consuming or costly. fault injection is an effective method to validate fault tolerance mechanisms. Among different fault injection techniques, software-implemented fault injection (SWIFI) is the most promising one. Although interesting, major drawbacks of existing SWIFI are that temporal and spatial overheads induced into target systems will influence its behavior. In this paper, fault tolerance of an onboard system is tested by a new SWIFI technique which will not induce any additional overheads into the target system under test. The technique is based on embedded processor debug interface standard, Nexus, which ensures that faults are injected into the target system with its behavior being traced while not altering normal execution of the target system.

关键词： aircraft computers computer debugging failure analysis reliability Nexus debug standard embedded processor fault tolerant mechanism onboard system software-implemented fault injection

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EXFI: A low-cost fault injection system for embedded microprocessor-based boards

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ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems 1998年第4期3卷 626-634页

作者： Benso, A. Prinetto, P. Rebaudengo, M. Reorda, M. Sonza Politecnico di Torino Italy Dip. Automatica e Informatica I-10129 Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Italy

Evaluating the faulty behavior of low-cost embedded microprocessor-based boards is an increasingly important issue, due to their adoption in many safety critical systems. The architecture of a complete fault injection environment is proposed, integrating a module for generating a collapsed list of faults, and another for performing their injection and gathering the results. To address this issue, the paper describes a software-implemented fault injection approach based on the Trace Exception Mode available in most microprocessors. The authors describe EXFI, a prototypical system implementing the approach, and provide data about some sample benchmark applications. The main advantages of EXFI are the low cost, the good portability, and the high efficiency. General Terms: Design, Experimentation, Measurements. © 1999 ACM.

关键词： fault coverage fault injection Microprocessor systems software-implemented fault injection Trace exception mode

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A methodology for the rapid injection of transient hardware errors

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS 1996年第8期45卷 881-891页

作者： Yount, CR Siewiorek, DP CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGHPA 15213

Ultra-dependable computing demands Verification of fault-tolerant mechanisms in the hardware. The most popular class of verification methodologies, fault-injection, is fraught with a host of limitations. Methods which are rapid enough to be feasible are not based on actual hardware faults. On the other hand, methods which are based on gate-level faults require enormous time resources. This research tries to bridge that gap by developing a new fault-injection methodology for processors based on a register-transfer-language (RTL) fault model. The fault model is developed by abstracting the effects of low-level faults to the RTL level. This process attempts to be independent of implementation details without sacrificing coverage, the proportion of errors generated by gate-level faults that are successfully reproduced by the RTL fault model. A prototype tool, ASPHALT, is described which automates the process of generating the error patterns. The IBM RISC-Oriented Micro-Processor (ROMP) is used as a basis for experimentation. Over 1.5 million transient faults are injected using a gate-level model. Over 97% of these are reproduced with the RTL model at a speedup factor of over 500:1. These results show that the RTL fault model may be used to greatly accelerate fault-injection experiments without sacrificing accuracy.

关键词： fault tolerance hybrid fault emulation IBM ROMP register-transfer language modeling software-implemented fault injection verilog modeling

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On the development of fault-tolerant on-board control software and its evaluation by fault injection

On the development of fault-tolerant on-board control softwa...

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25th International Symposium on fault-Tolerant Computing

作者： VARDANEGA, T DAVID, P CHANE, JF MADER, W MESSAROS, R ARLAT, J EUROPEAN SPACE AGCY 2200 AG NOORDWIJKNETHERLANDS

ISBN: (纸本)0818670797

As commercial drivers promote the integration of functions of different criticality into a limited set of processing elements, software plays an increasingly important role on board of today's satellites. This trend questions the adequacy of the traditional development process and calls for a design and validation approach capable of achieving the required dependability without blowing the development costs. This paper reports on the most innovative features of an integrated project aimed at designing a software-intensive fault tolerance approach suitable for embedded flight control systems, and at assessing its efficiency by means of a non-intrusive software-implemented fault injection prototype tool.

关键词： ON-BOARD SYSTEMS DEPENDABILITY ON-BOARD fault MODELS software-BASED fault TOLERANCE INTEGRITY DOMAINS software-implemented fault injection

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