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46th International Symposium Electronics in Marine (ELMAR -2004)

作者： Perisa, D Ivancevic, B Jambrosic, K Univ Zagreb Fac Elect Engn & Comp Zagreb 41000 Croatia

ISBN: (纸本)9537044025

Human hearing system is not only capable of hearing sound, but also localizing its source. But, the understandings of the process came not so long ago and even it the 21(st) century it isn't complete. The revelations in this area of science are of great importance, especially in generating virtual reality systems. In this paper, the mechanisms of this process are partially revealed.

关键词： sound localization ILD ITD ATF HRIR HRTF duplex theory pinna notch

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A Bio-Inspired Energy-and Area-Efficient sound localization Neural Network

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS I-REGULAR PAPERS 2025年第2期72卷 719-729页

作者： Joo, Bomin Ko, Minkyu Kim, Jieun Kong, Bai-Sun Sungkyunkwan Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Suwon 16419 South Korea Samsung Elect Foundry Div Hwaseong 18448 South Korea Sungkyunkwan Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Suwon 16419 South Korea

This paper proposes an energy-and area-efficient sound localization neural network mimicking the auditory brainstem cognitive function. By adopting the bio-plausible Jeffress model, the proposed neural network locates the sound based on the interaural time difference (ITD) in an energy-and hardware-efficient manner. The proposed network modifies the original structure of the Jeffress model having a pair of long axon lines to provide performance gain. It can reduce power consumption and area by using a single axon line. It can further improve efficiency in terms of power and area by shortening the length of the axon line for pulse propagation. Since only the leading pulse is allowed to propagate through the shortened single axon delay line, the number of delay elements and corresponding network components are reduced. Moreover, it can accurately detect the location of the sound source thanks to the axon line composed of synchronized delay elements. A further reduction of the power consumption is achieved by eliminating redundant pulse propagation through the axon line after the output neuron fires. The proposed sound localization neural network was fabricated in a 28-nm CMOS process. The performance evaluation results indicate that the proposed sound localization neural network can detect the location of a sound source with a one-degree resolution at a given robot head size of 3.0125 cm, regardless of process corners. It also indicates that the network achieves up to 86.6% and 97.2% energy and area reduction from conventional sound localization networks, operating at 0.305-V supply voltage.

关键词： Location awareness Axons Neurons Biological neural networks Synapses Power demand Energy efficiency Accuracy Voltage Hardware sound localization interaural difference (ITD) auditory cognitive function spiking neural network energy-efficient

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Direct current galvanic vestibular stimulation modulates sound localization abilities

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2025年第1期15卷 1-8页

作者： Cedras, Assan Mary Orsini, Clara Paromov, Daniel Bacon, Benoit Antoine Champoux, Francois Maheu, Maxime Univ Montreal Fac Med Sch Speech Language & Audiol CP 6128 Succursale Ctr Ville7077 Ave Parc Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada Univ British Columbia Dept Psychol Vancouver BC Canada Ctr Rech Inst Univ Geriatrie Montreal CRIUGM Montreal PQ Canada Inst Univ Readaptat Deficience Phys Montreal IURDP CIUSSS Ctr Sud De Lile De Montreal Montreal PQ Canada

The vestibular system has been shown to play a role in the integration of spatial sensory information. For instance, vestibular perturbations induce significant shifts in spatial tactile tasks, but results have been contradictory regarding auditory modality. This observation may be because some of the previous vestibular stimulation methods (i.e., stochastic GVS) did not reliably induce a self-motion effect. This study aims to evaluate the importance of directional illusory motion on auditory localization mechanism, using direct current GVS. Twenty young healthy participants performed a sound localization task under earphones with 9 positions in the azimuth plane divided into three quadrants 7Left (45 degrees;- 30 degrees;- 20 degrees), Center (- 10 degrees;0 degrees;10 degrees), and Right (20 degrees;30 degrees;45)]. Participants were asked to verbally identify the exact position of the sound source under 3 conditions: (1) Without GVS (2) GVS with anode on the right mastoid (3) GVS with anode on the left mastoid. Results were analyzed using the non-parametric Friedman test and Wilcoxon rank-sum post-hoc test with a Bonferroni correction applied to account for multiple comparisons. Compared to baseline, left anodal stimulation caused a greater error ratio for sounds in all quadrants. Moreover, for sounds in the right quadrant, a significantly greater error ratio was observed for anode left compared to the anode right condition. Right anodal condition caused a greater error ratio for sounds in the left and the center quadrants compared to the baseline condition. This study demonstrates for the first time, that sound source localization can be influenced by direct current GVS and is modulated according to the anode position.

关键词： Audio-vestibular interaction Galvanic vestibular stimulation sound localization Spatial auditory encoding

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Ear-specific neuroplasticity for sound localization in individuals with single-sided deafness

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HEARING RESEARCH 2025年 459卷 109207页

作者： Shim, Leeseul Kim, Jahee Kim, Gibbeum Lee, Hyo-Jeong Hallym Univ Coll Med Lab Brain & Cognit Sci Convergence Med Anyang 14068 Gyeonggi Do South Korea Hallym Univ Doheun Inst Digital Innovat Med DIDIM Ear & Interact Ctr Sacred Heart Hosp Anyang Si Gyeonggi Do South Korea Hallym Univ Coll Med Dept Otorhinolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Chunchon Si 24252 Gangwon Do South Korea

Studies on cortical plasticity in individuals with single-sided deafness (SSD) show increased activity in the auditory cortex ipsilateral to the hearing ear, impacting auditory localization and rehabilitation outcomes. However, the direct relationship between neuroplastic changes and binaural processing in SSD remains unclear, as does the specificity of plasticity to the affected ear. In this study, two groups of SSD patients (left [Lt] SSD, 17;right [Rt] SSD, 18) of postlingual onset and 13 normal-hearing controls (NC) underwent fMRI during an auditory localization task. The NC group was also treated with earplugs to simulate acute monaural hearing. We compared the cortical networks involved in auditory localization and conducted correlation analyses to identify neural activity associated with SSD duration and localization performance. The response laterality in the auditory cortex was analyzed and compared across groups. Results indicated that extended SSD modulates auditory cortical response in the right primary auditory cortex. The posterior superior temporal gyrus and cingulo-opercular network were linked to improved localization performance. Findings suggest that cortical attentional resources are crucial for auditory spatial behavior in SSD, especially when the left ear is impaired.

关键词： Functional neuroimaging Neuronal plasticity sound localization Unilateral hearing loss

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The Effect of Ear Covering on sound localization and Speech Intelligibility in Operating Room

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LARYNGOSCOPE 2025年第5期135卷 1788-1794页

作者： Handal, Kristen Koehnke, Janet Mcinerney, Maryrose Besing, Joan Lalwani, Anil K. Montclair State Univ Dept Commun Sci & Disorders Montclair NJ USA Columbia Univ Irving Med Ctr Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg New York NY USA Columbia Univ Fu Fdn Sch Engn & Appl Sci Dept Mech Engn New York NY USA

Objective: To determine the effect of the surgical bouffant cap on hearing, sound localization, and speech intelligibility in the operating room (OR). Background: Covering of the ear during surgical procedures has been promoted to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) from ear pathogens. However, the potential impact of ear covering on hearing in the OR has not been studied. Methods: Twenty participants with normal hearing underwent auditory testing with and without surgical attire (bouffant cap and surgical mask). Auditory threshold testing was performed with warble tones in a sound-treated booth. In the speech intelligibility test, participants were instructed to identify the last word of Speech Perception in Noise (SPIN) sentences (high and low predictability) in OR background noise. In the sound source localization test, participants were asked to localize a speech source amidst OR background noise. Results: Threshold measures showed no significant effect of wearing surgical attire on detection thresholds. Wearing surgical attire significantly impaired speech intelligibility (p < 0.05). sound localization was not statistically significant. Conclusions :The use of the surgical bouffant cap and mask makes it more difficult to understand speech in the presence of OR noise. This could lead to miscommunication and impact surgical outcome;thus, ear covering should be avoided.

关键词： bouffant cap hearing sound localization speech intelligibility operating room noise

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Prospective study of sound localization in patients with single sided deafness and asymmetric hearing loss treated with cochlear implant

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ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2025年第1期76卷 1-10页

作者： Redo, Maria Aragones Gil, Ignacio Pla Perez-Carbonell, Tomas Gonzalez, Clara Espina Ventura, Antonio Morant Algarra, Jaime Marco Hosp Clin Univ Valencia Serv Otorrinolaringol Valencia Spain Univ Valencia Valencia Spain

Background and Objective: sound localization plays a crucial role in our daily lives, enabling us to recognize voices, respond to alarming situations, avoid dangers, and navigate towards specific signals. However, this ability is compromised in patients with Single-Sided Deafness (SSD) and Asymmetric Hearing Loss (AHL), negatively impacting their daily functioning. The main objective of the study was to quantify the degree of sound source localization in patients with single-sided deafness or asymmetric hearing loss using a Cochlear Implant (CI) and to compare between the two subgroups. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, longitudinal, observational, single-center study involving adult patients diagnosed with profound unilateral or asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss who underwent cochlear implantation. sound localization was assessed in a chamber equipped with seven speakers evenly distributed from-90(degrees )to 90(degrees). Stimuli were presented at 1,000 Hz and intensities of 65dB, 70dB, and 75dB. Each stimulus was presented only once per speaker, totaling 21 presentations. The number of correct responses at different intensities was recorded, and angular error in degrees was calculated to determine the mean angular distance between the patient-indicated speaker and the speaker presenting the stimulus. Both assessments were conducted preoperatively without a cochlear implant and two years post-implantation. Results: The total sample comprised 20 patients, with 9 assigned to the SSD group and 11 to the AHL group. The Preoperative Pure Tone Average (PTA) in free field was 31.7dB in the SSD group and 41.8dB in the AHL group. There was a statistically significant improvement in sound localization ability and angular error with the use of the cochlear implant at all intensities in both SSD and AHL subgroups. Conclusions: Cochlear implantation in patients with SSD and AHL enhances sound localization, reducing mean angular error and increasing the number o

关键词： Single-Sided Deafness Asymmetrical Hearing Loss Cochlear implantation sound localization

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The sound localization ability of students with visual impairment in goalball players, non-goalball players, and their peers with typical vision

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 2025年第1期43卷 205-212页

作者： Yousefi, Saheb Hassanzadeh, Saeid Zebehazy, Kim T. Fard, Tahereh Najafi Murfitt, Kevin Taromi, Alireza Sedghi Lavasani, Masood Gholam Ali Allameh Tabatabai Univ Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Tehran Iran Univ British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada Deakin Univ Docklands Australia City Univ Seattle Vancouver BC Canada Univ British Columbia Dept Educ & Counselling Psychol & Special Educ 2125 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada

sound localization is the listener's ability to detect the location of a sound based on direction and distance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability to orient to sounds of goalball players with visual impairment (n = 19), non-players with visual impairment (n = 16), and their sighted peers (n = 15). All participants were in middle or high school. An acoustics room with four speakers was used to assess sound localization abilities. Results revealed that the goalball players with visual impairments had better localization performance (p = .001) than the other two groups. The results suggest that engaging in goalball play may support sound localization, a skill useful in orientation and mobility, and other daily living skills.

关键词： Goalball sound localization visual impairment

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Ideal-observer model of human sound localization of sources with unknown spectrum

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 2025年第1期15卷 1-11页

作者： Reijniers, Jonas Mclachlan, Glen Partoens, Bart Peremans, Herbert Univ Antwerp Dept Engn Management B-2000 Antwerp Belgium Univ Antwerp Dept Phys B-2020 Antwerp Belgium

localization of a sound source is in essence the act of decoding the directional information with which the sound was endowed by the head and ears upon measurement by the cochlea. Yet, as the source's directional signature is conflated with the spectral characteristics of the source and the latter is often not known to the listener, this directional signature may be obscured, hampering localization. Current localization models generally avoid this problem by considering sources whose spectrum is known to the listener. In this paper, we investigate how an ideal-observer would deal with this uncertainty of the source: by means of a prior on the source spectrum built from previous experiences. To this end, an ecologically valid prior was constructed from databases of environmental sounds and speech. Incorporation of this prior allowed to explain the results of a localization experiment in which the stimulus was varied, without any parameter fitting. It was shown that if the spectrum of the source deviates too much from those of real-world environments, this results in localization errors, because the source does not fit the prior used by the listener. Moreover, it seems that the binaural spectral gradient contains the relevant spectral information and that the ipsilateral side has more weight in the decision. We could not corroborate the experimental indication that only the positive spectral gradient values are used for localization. Finally, the model including the ecologically valid prior was also better in explaining the experimental data on localization of invariably flat spectrum stimuli, allowing for the possibility that human listeners may rather use a multi-purpose than a situation-specific spectral prior.

关键词： ideal-observer sound localization information theory Bayes

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sound localization with monocular vision

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APPLIED ACOUSTICS 2005年第8期66卷 932-944页

作者： Abel, SM Tikuisis, C Def Res & Dev Canada Commun Grp Toronto ON M3M 3B9 Canada

An experiment was carried out to determine whether sudden loss of vision in one eye would result in a bias in sound localization in the direction of the viewing eye. Fifteen normal-sighted young adults were tested binocularly and with the right or left eye covered. Within each vision condition, sound localization was assessed using three different arrays of six loudspeakers, positioned frontally and on the right and left sides of space, in combination with two stimuli, a one-third octave noise band centred at 4 kHz and broadband noise. These assessed the utilization of mainly the interaural level difference cue and binaural and spectral cues in combination, respectively. One block of 90 speaker identification trials was presented for each of the 18 conditions. For the lateral arrays in combination with the broadband noise stimulus, monocular vision resulted in decreased accuracy on the contralateral side. Errors were in the direction of the viewing eye. While monocularity resulted in performance decrements with the 4-kHz stimulus, the error pattern was not consistent. These results support the hypothesis of visually guided auditory adaptation of binaural and spectral cues in combination in response to sudden deprivation of vision in one eye. Crown Copyright (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： sound localization monocular vision

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sound localization in patients with a unilateral hearing aid: Discordance between the right and left ears

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LARYNGOSCOPE INVESTIGATIVE OTOLARYNGOLOGY 2022年第2期7卷 599-603页

作者： Ha, Jungho Kim, Hantai Lee, Ju Ho Park, Hun Yi Ajou Univ Dept Otolaryngol Sch Med 164 World Cup Ro Suwon 16499 Gyeonggi Do South Korea Konyang Univ Coll Med Dept Otorhinolaryngol Head & Neck Surg Daejeon South Korea

Objectives Patients with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) have difficulty in recognizing the direction of a sound. Previous studies have shown that hearing aids (HAs) could improve the directional perception of sound. In this study, we analyzed the results of sound localization tests in patients using a unilateral HA. Methods All patients with UHL who had performed sound localization tests since 2018 were included in this study. sound localization tests, functional gain tests, and the speech discrimination scores (SDSs) were analyzed. The tests were obtained at 1-, 3-, and 6-month after fitting the HA. Results Of the 32 patients with UHL, 13 were right-sided and 19 were left-sided. After 6 months of using a HA, the results of the sound localization test were significantly better in patients with right than left UHL (percent correct [PCT], 61.9 +/- 24.0% vs. 37.9 +/- 24.6%, p = .011;mean absolute error (MAE), 41.4 +/- 23.9 degrees vs. 65.5 +/- 28.6 degrees, p = .018;root-mean-square error (RMS), 25.8 +/- 17.6 degrees vs. 48.8 +/- 24.5 degrees, p = .007]. The aided SDSs were not different between the two groups (78.7 +/- 16.5% vs. 77.2 +/- 18.5%, p = .825). Conclusion The side of the hearing loss could have a substantial effect on sound localization in UHL patients using a HA. sound localization test results should be interpreted with the consideration of this discordance. Level of Evidence 4

关键词： sound localization unilateral hearing aid unilateral hearing loss

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