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Cleaning up copy-paste clones with interactive merging

AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2018年第3期25卷 627-673页

作者： Narasimhan, Krishna Reichenbach, Christoph Lawall, Julia Itemis Fassnachtstr 1 D-70378 Stuttgart Germany Lund Univ Dept Comp Sci Lund Sweden Sorbonne Univ Inria LIP6 Paris France

Copy-paste-modify is a form of software reuse in which developers explicitly duplicate source code. This duplicated source code, amounting to a code clone, is adapted for a new purpose. Copy-paste-modify is popular among software developers, however, empirical evidence shows that it complicates software maintenance and increases the frequency of bugs. To allow developers to use copy-paste-modify without having to worry about these concerns, we propose an approach that automatically merges similar pieces of code by creating suitable abstractions. Because different kinds of abstractions may be beneficial in different contexts, our approach offers multiple abstraction mechanisms, which were selected based on a study of popular open-source repositories. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we have designed and implemented a prototype merging tool for C++ and evaluated it on a number of code clones exhibiting some variation, i.e., near-miss clones, in popular Open source packages. We observed that maintainers find our algorithmically created abstractions to be largely preferable to the existing duplicated code.

关键词： Program analysis Static analysis Clone management source code analysis

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Software Development Lifecycle for Energy Efficiency: Techniques and Tools

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ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS 2019年第4期52卷 81-81页

作者： Georgiou, Stefanos Rizou, Stamatia Spinellis, Diomidis Athens Univ Econ & Business Dept Management Sci & Technol Patision 76 Athina 10434 Greece Singular Log SA European R&D Dept Achaias 3 & Trizinias N Kifissia 14564 Greece

Motivation: In modern IT systems, the increasing demand for computational power is tightly coupled with ever higher energy consumption. Traditionally, energy efficiency research has focused on reducing energy consumption at the hardware level. Nevertheless, the software itself provides numerous opportunities for improving energy efficiency. Goal: Given that energy efficiency for IT systems is a rising concern, we investigate existing work in the area of energy-aware software development and identify open research challenges. Our goal is to reveal limitations, features, and tradeoffs regarding energy-performance for software development and provide insights on existing approaches, tools, and techniques for energy-efficient programming. Method: We analyze and categorize research work mostly extracted from top-tier conferences and journals concerning energy efficiency across the software development lifecycle phases. Results: Our analysis shows that related work in this area has focused mainly on the implementation and verification phases of the software development lifecycle. Existing work shows that the use of parallel and approximate programming, source code analyzers, efficient data structures, coding practices, and specific programming languages can significantly increase energy efficiency. Moreover, the utilization of energy monitoring tools and benchmarks can provide insights for the software practitioners and raise energy-awareness during the development phase.

关键词： GreenIT energy efficiency energy optimization energy profiling design patterns parallel programming code refactoring source code analysis coding practices approximate programming software development lifecycle

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Safety Demonstration of a Class 1 Smart Device

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NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY 2018年第2-3期202卷 132-140页

作者： Guerra, Sofia Butler, Eoin Adelard LLP 24 Waterside44-48 Wharf Rd London N1 7UX England

Horizon Nuclear Power intends to build advanced boiling water reactors at Wylfa and Oldbury in the United Kingdom based on the Hitachi-GE (Hitachi) design. In accordance with U.K. policy for new nuclear build, Hitachi, as the reactor designer, is the requesting party to the Generic Design Assessment (GDA), during which the reactor design will be reviewed by the Office for Nuclear Regulation and the Environment Agency. An important step in the GDA process is to demonstrate the viability of the approach developed by Hitachi-GE for the assessment and justification of smart devices. This was done by means of pilot studies of safety class 1 (SC1) and SC2 devices. This paper describes the scope, criteria, process, and approach for the SC1 pilot study and summarizes the results of the study.

关键词： Smart devices safety demonstration source code analysis

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A Three Dimensional Empirical Study of Logging Questions from Six Popular Q & A Websites

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E-INFORMATICA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2019年第1期13卷 105-139页

作者： Gujral, Harshit Sharma, Abhinav Lal, Sangeeta Kumar, Lov Jaypee Inst Informat Technol Noida Uttar Pradesh India BITS Pilani Hydrabad Campus Hydrabad India

Background: Q & A websites such as StackOverflow, Serverfault, provide an open platform for users to ask questions and to get help from experts present worldwide. These websites not only help users by answering their questions but also act as a knowledge base. These data present on these websites can be mined to extract valuable information that can benefit the software practitioners. Software engineering research community has already understood the potential benefits of mining data from Q & A websites and several research studies have already been conducted in this area. Aim: The aim of the study presented in this paper is to perform an empirical analysis of logging questions from six popular Q & A websites. Method: We perform statistical, programming language and content analysis of logging questions. Our analysis helped us to gain insight about the logging discussion happening in six different domains of the StackExchange websites. Results: Our analysis provides insight about the logging issues of software practitioners: logging questions are pervasive in all the Q & A websites, the mean time to get accepted answer for logging questions on SU and SF websites are much higher as compared to other websites, a large number of logging question invite a great amount of discussion in the SoftwareEngineering Q & A website, most of the logging issues occur in C++ and Java, the trend for number of logging questions is increasing for Java, Python, and JavaScript, whereas, it is decreasing or constant for C, C++, C#, for the ServerFault and Superuser website 'C' is the dominant programming language.

关键词： classification debugging ensemble logging machine learning source code analysis tracing

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Compile-Time Library Call Detection Using CAASCADE and XALT

Compile-Time Library Call Detection Using CAASCADE and XALT

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International Supercomputing Conference (ISC) on High Performance

作者： Zhao, Jisheng Hernandez, Oscar R. Budiardja, Reuben D. Lopez, M. Graham Sarkar, Vivek Wells, Jack C. Oak Ridge Natl Lab Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA Georgia Tech Atlanta GA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783030024659;9783030024642

CAASCADE - Compiler-Assisted Application source code analysis and DatabasE-is a tool that summarizes the use of parallel programming language features in application source code using compiler technology. This paper discusses the library detection capability within CAASCADE to find information about the usage of scientific libraries within the source code. The information that CAASCADE collects provides insights into the usage of library calls in an applications. CAASCADE can classify the APIs by scientific libraries (e.g. LAPACK, BLAS, FFTW, etc). It can also detect the context in which a library API is being invoked, for example within a serial or multi-threaded region. To collect this information, CAASCADE uses compiler plugins that summarize procedural information and uses Apache Spark to do inter-procedural analysis to reconstruct call chains. In addition to this, we also integrated CAASCADE to work with XALT to collect library information based on linkage and modules installed on a system.

关键词： HPC scientific libraries source code analysis Libraries usage in applications

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Analyzing the Evolution of Preprocessor-Based Variability: A Tale of a Thousand and One Scripts 18

Analyzing the Evolution of Preprocessor-Based Variability: A...

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18th IEEE International Working Conference on source code analysis and Manipulation (SCAM)

作者： Schulze, Sandro Fenske, Wolfram Otto von Guericke Univ Fac Comp Sci Magdeburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538682906

Highly configurable software systems allow the efficient and reliable development of similar software variants based on a common code base. The C preprocessor CPP, which uses source code annotations that enable conditional compilation, is a simple yet powerful text-based tool for implementing such systems. However, since annotations interfere with the actual source code, the CPP has often been accused of being a source of errors and increased maintenance effort. In our research, we have been curious about whether high-level patterns of CPP misuse (i.e., code smells) can be identified, how they evolve, and whether they really hinder maintenance. To support this research, we started a simple tool which over the years evolved into a powerful toolchain. This evolution was possible because our toolchain is not monolithic, but is composed of many small tools connected by scripts and communicating via files. Moreover, we reused existing tools whenever possible and developed our own solutions only as a last resort. In this paper, we report our experiences of building this toolchain. In particular, we present design decisions we made and lessons learned, both positive and negative ones. We hope that this not only stimulates discussion and (in the best case) attracts more researchers in using our tools. Rather, we also want to encourage others to put emphasis on building tools instead of considering them "yet another research prototype".

关键词： source code analysis software evolution software maintenance C preprocessor annotations

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On the Naturalness of Auto-generated code-Can We Identify Auto-Generated code Automatically?- 26

On the Naturalness of Auto-generated Code-Can We Identify Au...

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26th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)

作者： Doi, Masayuki Higo, Yoshiki Arima, Ryo Shimonaka, Kento Kusumoto, Shinji Osaka Univ Suita Osaka Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781450357142

Recently, a variety of studies have been conducted on source code analysis. If auto-generated code is included in the target source code, it is usually removed in a preprocessing phase because the presence of auto-generated code may have negative effects on source code analysis. A straightforward way to remove autogenerated code is searching special comments that are included in the files of auto-generated code. However, it becomes impossible to identify auto-generated code with the way if such special comments have disappeared for some reasons. It is obvious that it takes too much effort to see source files one by one manually. In this paper, we propose a new technique to identify auto-generated code by using the naturalness of auto-generated code. We used a golden set that includes thousands of hand-made source files and source files generated by four kinds of compiler-compilers. Through the evaluation with the dataset, we confirmed that our technique was able to identify auto-generated code with over 99% precision and recall for all the cases.

关键词： Auto-generated code N-gram language model source code analysis

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JCIA: A Tool for Change Impact analysis of Java EE Applications 1

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4th International Conference on Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications (INDIA)

作者： Le Ba Cuong Van Son Nguyen Duc Anh Nguyen Pham Ngoc Hung Dinh Hieu Vo Acad Cryptog Tech 141 Chien Thang Hanoi Vietnam VNU Univ Engn & Technol 144 Xuan Thuy Hanoi Vietnam

ISBN: (数字)9789811075124

ISBN: (纸本)9789811075124;9789811075117

This paper presents a novel tool for change impact analysis of Java EE applications named JCIA. Analyzing the source code of the Java EE applications is a big challenge because of the complexity and large scale of the applications. Moreover, components in Java EE applications are not only in Java language but also in different languages such as XHTML, XML, JSP. This tool analyzes source code of Java EE applications for building the dependency graphs (called JDG). The main idea for generating JDG is based on developing the source code analyzers for the typical technologies of Java EE such as JavaServer Faces, Context and Dependency Injection, Web services. Based on the obtained JDG and the given change sets, JCIA calculates the corresponding impact sets by applying the change impact analysis (CIA) based on change types and Wave-CIA method. The calculated impact sets help managers in planning and estimating changes, developers in implementing changes, and testers with regression testing.

关键词： Change impact analysis Static analysis source code analysis Java EE applications

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A proposal towards the design of an architecture for evolutionary visual software analytics 3

A proposal towards the design of an architecture for evoluti...

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3rd International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Science (INCISCOS)

作者： Gonzalez-Torres, Antonio Navas-Su, Jose Hernandez-Vasquez, Marco Solano-Cordero, Jennier Hernandez-Castro, Franklin Costa Rica Inst Technol Dept Comp Engn Cartago Costa Rica ULACIT Fac Engn San Jose Costa Rica Costa Rica Inst Technol Sch Comp Cartago Costa Rica Costa Rica Inst Technol Sch Engn Design Cartago Costa Rica

ISBN: (纸本)9781538676127

The analysis of software systems, their evolution and visualization are dynamic research areas that have produced several promising methods. However, the use of these approaches has not been widely incorporated into practice because of the limited number of full featured open source and commercial tools available, and the absence of training for students and practitioners on their use. This research proposes the design of an architecture according to the results of previous research and the requirements of programmers and project managers of three companies that are sponsoring the project: a large international bank and two software development companies. The design of the architecture takes into account the need for an extensible and scalable architecture to incorporate new and existing methods to retrieve source code from different versioning systems, to carry out the advanced analysis of programs written in different languages, to perform the calculation of software metrics and to make visible the results of the analysis by means of visual representations, incorporated as Eclipse and Visual Studio extensions. The main contribution of this research is the design of an architecture to support the development of a architecture for evolutionary visual software analytics. The results obtained, so far, in the implementation of the architecture and the tests carried out are satisfactory, although, its validation with the partnering companies has not been carried out, yet.

关键词： source code analysis repository mining software visualization metalanguage metrics

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An Empirical analysis on Web Service Anti-Pattern Detection using a Machine Learning Framework 42

An Empirical Analysis on Web Service Anti-Pattern Detection ...

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42nd Annual IEEE-Computer-Society Computers, Software and Applications (COMPSAC) Conference - Staying Smarter in a Smartening World

作者： Kumar, Lov Sureka, Ashish BITS Pilani Hyderabad Telangana India Ashoka Univ Sonipat India

ISBN: (纸本)9781538626672

Web Services are application components characterised by interoperability, extensibility, distributed application development and service oriented architecture. A complex distributed application can be developed by combing several third-party web services. Anti-patterns are counter-productive and poor design and practices. Web services suffer from a multitude of anti-patterns such as God object Web service and Fine grained Web service. Our work is motivated by the need to build techniques for automatically detecting common web-services anti-patterns by static analysis of the source code implementing a web service. Our approach is based on the premise that summary values of object oriented source code metrics computed at a web service level can be used as a predictor for anti-patterns. We present an empirical analysis of 4 data sampling techniques to encounter the class imbalance problem, 5 feature ranking techniques to identify the most informative and relevant features and 8 machine learning algorithms for predicting 5 different types of anti-patterns on 226 real-world web services across several domains. We conclude that it is possible to predict anti-patterns using source code metrics and a machine learning framework. Our analysis reveals that the best performing classification algorithm is Random Forest, best performing data sampling technique is SMOTE and the best performing feature ranking method is OneR.

关键词： Anti-Patterns Empirical Software Engineering Feature Selection Imbalanced Learning Machine Learning Predictive Modeling Service Oriented Architecture Software Analytics source code analysis source code Metrics Web Services

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