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SPOON: A library for implementing analyses and transformations of Java source code

SOFTWARE-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE 2016年第9期46卷 1155-1179页

作者： Pawlak, Renaud Monperrus, Martin Petitprez, Nicolas Noguera, Carlos Seinturier, Lionel Cincheo Paris France Univ Lille Campus Sci F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq France Inria F-59650 Villeneuve Dascq France Vrije Univ Brussel B-1050 Brussels Belgium

This paper presents SPOON, a library for the analysis and transformation of Java source code. SPOON enables Java developers to write a large range of domain-specific analyses and transformations in an easy and concise manner. SPOON analyses and transformations are written in plain Java. With SPOON, developers do not need to dive into parsing, to hack a compiler infrastructure, or to master a new formalism. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： source code analysis source code transformation metaprogramming

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Cleaning up copy-paste clones with interactive merging

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AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2018年第3期25卷 627-673页

作者： Narasimhan, Krishna Reichenbach, Christoph Lawall, Julia Itemis Fassnachtstr 1 D-70378 Stuttgart Germany Lund Univ Dept Comp Sci Lund Sweden Sorbonne Univ Inria LIP6 Paris France

Copy-paste-modify is a form of software reuse in which developers explicitly duplicate source code. This duplicated source code, amounting to a code clone, is adapted for a new purpose. Copy-paste-modify is popular among software developers, however, empirical evidence shows that it complicates software maintenance and increases the frequency of bugs. To allow developers to use copy-paste-modify without having to worry about these concerns, we propose an approach that automatically merges similar pieces of code by creating suitable abstractions. Because different kinds of abstractions may be beneficial in different contexts, our approach offers multiple abstraction mechanisms, which were selected based on a study of popular open-source repositories. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we have designed and implemented a prototype merging tool for C++ and evaluated it on a number of code clones exhibiting some variation, i.e., near-miss clones, in popular Open source packages. We observed that maintainers find our algorithmically created abstractions to be largely preferable to the existing duplicated code.

关键词： Program analysis Static analysis Clone management source code analysis

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Selecting the Best Compiler Optimization by Adopting Natural Language Processing

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 121700-121711页

作者： Ahmed, Hameeza Fahim Ul Haque, Muhammad Raza Khan, Hashim Nadeem, Ghalib Arshad, Kamran Assaleh, Khaled Cesar Santos, Paulo NED Univ Engn & Technol Dept Comp & Informat Syst Engn Karachi 75270 Pakistan NED Univ Engn & Technol Dept Telecommun Engn Karachi 75270 Pakistan Iqra Univ Dept Engn Sci & Technol Karachi 75500 Pakistan NED Univ Engn & Technol Natl Ctr Artificial Intelligence Neurocomputat Lab Karachi 75270 Pakistan Ajman Univ Coll Engn & Informat Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn Ajman U Arab Emirates Ajman Univ Artificial Intelligence Res Ctr Ajman U Arab Emirates Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul Inst Informat BR-91509900 Porto Alegre Brazil

Compiler is a tool that converts the high-level language into assembly code after enabling relevant optimizations. The automatic selection of suitable optimizations from an ample optimization space is a non-trivial task mainly accomplished through hardware profiling and application-level features. These features are then passed through an intelligent algorithm to predict the desired optimizations. However, collecting these features requires executing the application beforehand, which involves high overheads. With the evolution of Natural Language Processing (NLP), the performance of an application can be solely predicted at compile time via source code analysis. There has been substantial work in source code analysis using NLP, but most of it is focused on offloading the computation to suitable devices or detecting code vulnerabilities. Therefore, it has yet to be used to identify the best optimization sequence for an application. Similarly, most works have focused on finding the best machine learning or deep learning algorithms, hence ignoring the other important phases of the NLP pipeline. This paper pioneers the use of NLP to predict the best set of optimizations for a given application at compile time. Furthermore, this paper uniquely studies the impact of four vectorization and seven regression techniques in predicting the application performance. For most applications, we show that tfidf vectorization and huber regression result in the best outcomes. On average, the proposed technique predicts the optimal optimization sequence with a performance drop of 18%, achieving a minimum drop of merely 0.5% compared to the actual best combination.

关键词： codes Optimization Natural language processing source coding Feature extraction Hardware Bayes methods Program processors Performance evaluation Compiler optimization source code analysis natural language processing vectorization regression

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Comparing four approaches for technical debt identification

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SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2014年第3期22卷 403-426页

作者： Zazworka, Nico Vetro', Antonio Izurieta, Clemente Wong, Sunny Cai, Yuanfang Seaman, Carolyn Shull, Forrest Elsevier Informat Syst GmbH Frankfurt Germany Fraunhofer CESE College Pk MD USA Politecn Torino Automat & Informat Dept Turin Italy Montana State Univ Dept Comp Sci Bozeman MT 59717 USA Siemens Healthcare Hlth Serv Malvern PA USA Drexel Univ Dept Comp Sci Philadelphia PA 19104 USA UMBC Dept Informat Syst Baltimore MD USA

Software systems accumulate technical debt (TD) when short-term goals in software development are traded for long-term goals (e.g., quick-and-dirty implementation to reach a release date versus a well-refactored implementation that supports the long-term health of the project). Some forms of TD accumulate over time in the form of source code that is difficult to work with and exhibits a variety of anomalies. A number of source code analysis techniques and tools have been proposed to potentially identify the code-level debt accumulated in a system. What has not yet been studied is if using multiple tools to detect TD can lead to benefits, that is, if different tools will flag the same or different source code components. Further, these techniques also lack investigation into the symptoms of TD "interest" that they lead to. To address this latter question, we also investigated whether TD, as identified by the source code analysis techniques, correlates with interest payments in the form of increased defect- and change-proneness. Comparing the results of different TD identification approaches to understand their commonalities and differences and to evaluate their relationship to indicators of future TD "interest." We selected four different TD identification techniques (code smells, automatic static analysis issues, grime buildup, and Modularity violations) and applied them to 13 versions of the Apache Hadoop open source software project. We collected and aggregated statistical measures to investigate whether the different techniques identified TD indicators in the same or different classes and whether those classes in turn exhibited high interest (in the form of a large number of defects and higher change-proneness). The outputs of the four approaches have very little overlap and are therefore pointing to different problems in the source code. Dispersed Coupling and Modularity violations were co-located in classes with higher defect-proneness. We also observed a stron

关键词： Technical debt Software maintenance Software quality source code analysis Modularity violations Grime code smells ASA

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Fresh apps: an empirical study of frequently-updated mobile apps in the Google play store

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EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2016年第3期21卷 1346-1370页

作者： McIlroy, Stuart Ali, Nasir Hassan, Ahmed E. Queens Univ Sch Comp SAIL Kingston ON Canada Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON Canada

Mobile app stores provide a unique platform for developers to rapidly deploy new updates of their apps. We studied the frequency of updates of 10,713 mobile apps (the top free 400 apps at the start of 2014 in each of the 30 categories in the Google Play store). We find that a small subset of these apps (98 apps representing (similar to)1 % of the studied apps) are updated at a very frequent rate - more than one update per week and 14 % of the studied apps are updated on a bi-weekly basis (or more frequently). We observed that 45 % of the frequently-updated apps do not provide the users with any information about the rationale for the new updates and updates exhibit a median growth in size of 6 %. This paper provides information regarding the update strategies employed by the top mobile apps. The results of our study show that 1) developers should not shy away from updating their apps very frequently, however the frequency varies across store categories. 2) Developers do not need to be too concerned about detailing the content of new updates. It appears that users are not too concerned about such information. 3) Users highly rank frequently-updated apps instead of being annoyed about the high update frequency.

关键词： Mobile apps Release patterns Reverse engineering source code analysis Software releases Release frequency

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An Overview and Comparison of Technical Debt Measurement Tools

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IEEE SOFTWARE 2021年第3期38卷 61-71页

作者： Avgeriou, Paris Taibi, Davide Ampatzoglou, Apostolos Fontana, Francesca Arcelli Besker, Terese Chatzigeorgiou, Alexander Lenarduzzi, Valentina Martini, Antonio Moschou, Athanasia Pigazzini, Ilaria Saarimaki, Nyyti Sas, Darius de Toledo, Saulo Soares Tsintzira, Angeliki Univ Groningen Software Engn Software Engn Res Grp NL-9747 AG Groningen Netherlands Tampere Univ Tampere 33014 Finland Univ Macedonia Software Engn Dept Appl Informat Thessaloniki 54636 Greece Univ Milano Bicocca I-20126 Milan Italy Chalmers Univ Technol Gothenburg Sweden LUT Univ Lahti 15210 Finland Univ Oslo Oslo Norway Univ Macedonia Comp Sci Thessaloniki 54636 Greece Univ Milano Bicocca Comp Sci Dept Comp Sci Syst & Commun I-20126 Milan Italy Tampere Univ Software Engn Tampere 33014 Finland Univ Groningen Bernoulli Inst Math Comp Sci & Artificial Intelli NL-9747 AG Groningen Netherlands Univ Macedonia Dept Appl Informat Macedonia 54636 Greece

Different tools adopt different terms, metrics, and ways to identify and measure technical debt. We attempt to clarify the situation by comparing the features and popularity of technical debt measurement tools and ana... 详细信息

关键词： Software Metrics Technical Debt Measurement Tools Metrics Technical Debt Identification Economics Google Software Quality Software Measurement Technical Debt Tools source code analysis Software Quality

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Certifying a java type resolution function using program transformation, annotation, and reflection

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SOFTWARE QUALITY JOURNAL 2016年第1期24卷 115-135页

作者： Winter, Victor Reinke, Carl Guerrero, Jonathan PKI 174C 1110 South 67th Omaha NE 68182 USA 6601 Tennyson St NE Apt 12302 Albuquerque NM 87111 USA

In Java, type resolution is a function that takes a reference to a type occurring in a given context as input and returns the canonical name of that type. This information is fundamental to static analysis-a "must have" function underlying virtually all forms of semantic-based analysis. In the case of Java, this function is also complex and it is quite common to encounter tools where it is implemented incorrectly. This paper presents a novel approach for certifying the correctness of a given type resolution function with respect to an arbitrary Java source code base. The approach uses program transformation to instrument a subject code base in such a way that reflection can then be used to certify the correctness of the type resolution function against the function used by the Java compiler. In this form of certification, the type resolution function of the Java compiler serves as the test oracle.

关键词： source code analysis Java Type resolution Reflection Annotation Program transformation

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Impact analysis in the presence of dependence clusters using Static Execute After in WebKit

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JOURNAL OF SOFTWARE-EVOLUTION AND PROCESS 2014年第6期26卷 569-588页

作者： Schrettner, Lajos Jasz, Judit Gergely, Tamas Beszedes, Arpad Gyimothy, Tibor Univ Szeged Dept Software Engn H-6720 Szeged Hungary

Impact analysis based on code dependence can provide opportunities to identify parts of the software affected by a change. Because changes usually have far reaching effects in programs, effective and efficient impact analysis is vital. Static Execute After (SEA) is a relation on procedures that is efficiently computable and accurate enough to be a candidate for the use in impact analysis in practice. To assess the applicability of SEA in terms of capturing real defects, we present results on integrating it into the build system of WebKit, a large, open source software system, and on related experiments. We show that a large number of real defects can be captured by impact sets computed by SEA, albeit many of them are large. We demonstrate that this is not an issue in applying it to regression test prioritization, but generally it can be an obstacle in the path to efficient use of impact analysis. We believe that the main reason for large impact sets is the formation of dependence clusters in code. As apparently dependence clusters cannot be easily avoided in the majority of cases, we focus on determining the effects these clusters have on impact analysis and regression test prioritization. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： change impact analysis source code analysis Static Execute After regression testing dependence clusters

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An extensible collaborative framework for monitoring software quality in critical systems

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INFORMATION AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY 2019年 107卷 3-17页

作者： Garcia-Valls, Marisol Escribano-Barreno, Julio Garcia-Munoz, Javier Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Telemat Engn Leganes Spain Indra Sistemas Alcobendas 28018 Spain

Context: Current practices on software quality monitoring for critical software systems development rely on the manual integration of the information provided by a number of independent commercial tools for code analysis;some external tools for code analysis are mandatory in some critical software projects that must comply with specific norms. However, there are no approaches to providing an integrated view over the analysis results of independent external tools into a unified software quality framework. Objective: This paper presents the design and development of ESQUF (Enhanced Software Quality Monitoring Framework) suitable for critical software systems. It provides the above enriched quality results presentation derived not only from multiple external tools but from the local analysis functions of the framework. Method: An analysis of the norms and standards that apply to critical software systems is provided. The detailed and modular design of ESQUF adjusts to the integration requirements for external tools. UML is used for designing the framework, and Java is used to provide the detailed design. The framework is validated with a prototype implementation that integrates two different external tools and their respective quality results over a real software project source code. Results: The integration of results files and data from external tools as well as from internal analysis functions is enabled. The analysis of critical software projects is made posible yielding a collaborative space where verification engineers share information about code analysis activities of specific projects;and single presentation space with rich static and dynamic analysis information of software projects that comply with the required development norms.

关键词： Software quality Open source framework Quality monitoring source code analysis Critical systems development

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Safety Demonstration of a Class 1 Smart Device

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NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY 2018年第2-3期202卷 132-140页

作者： Guerra, Sofia Butler, Eoin Adelard LLP 24 Waterside44-48 Wharf Rd London N1 7UX England

Horizon Nuclear Power intends to build advanced boiling water reactors at Wylfa and Oldbury in the United Kingdom based on the Hitachi-GE (Hitachi) design. In accordance with U.K. policy for new nuclear build, Hitachi, as the reactor designer, is the requesting party to the Generic Design Assessment (GDA), during which the reactor design will be reviewed by the Office for Nuclear Regulation and the Environment Agency. An important step in the GDA process is to demonstrate the viability of the approach developed by Hitachi-GE for the assessment and justification of smart devices. This was done by means of pilot studies of safety class 1 (SC1) and SC2 devices. This paper describes the scope, criteria, process, and approach for the SC1 pilot study and summarizes the results of the study.

关键词： Smart devices safety demonstration source code analysis

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