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Low-Complexity Maximum-Likelihood Detectors Incorporating Pre-Calculated Symbol Metrics for Differential Spatial Modulation

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2025年第4期14卷 1124-1128页

作者： Wei, Ruey-Yi Chen, Chun-Yi Natl Cent Univ Dept Commun Engn Taoyuan 320 Taiwan

Differential spatial modulation (DSM) eliminates channel estimation and enables the transmission of additional data bits without requiring more radio frequency chains. space-time block coded DSM (STBC-DSM) employs STBC to improve transmit diversity. However, the complexity of the original maximum-likelihood (ML) detector for either DSM or STBC-DSM grows exponentially with the number of transmit antennas. In our earlier papers, we proposed low-complexity ML detectors, but the same symbol metrics of these detectors are calculated repeatedly. In this letter, we further decrease the complexity of these ML detectors. Symbol metrics are pre-calculated, and DSM metrics are derived by incorporating these symbol metrics. For DSM, the proposed ML detectors are simpler than all existing detectors.

关键词： Detectors Symbols Measurement Transmitting antennas Complexity theory Modulation Indexes Receiving antennas Maximum likelihood estimation Maximum likelihood detection Differential detection differential spatial modulation space-time block code

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Automatic Identification of space-time block Coding for MIMO-OFDM Systems in the Presence of Impulsive Interference

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第8期72卷 4816-4828页

作者： Zhang, Junlin Liu, Mingqian Chen, Yunfei Zhao, Nan Nallanathan, Arumugam Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xidian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Xidian Univ Collaborat Innovat Ctr Informat Sensing & Understa Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Univ Durham Dept Engn Durham England Dalian Univ Technol Sch Informat & Commun Engn Dalian 116024 Peoples R China Queen Mary Univ London Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci London E1 4NS England

Signal identification, a vital task of intelligent communication radios, finds its applications in various military and civil communication systems. Previous works on identification for space-time block codes (STBC) of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are limited to additive white Gaussian noise. In this paper, we develop a novel automatic identification algorithm to exploit the generalized cross-correntropy function of the received signals to classify STBC-OFDM signals in the presence of Gaussian noise and impulsive interference. This algorithm first introduces the generalized cross-correntropy function to fully utilize the space-time redundancy of STBC-OFDM signals. The strongly-distinguishable discriminating matrix is then constructed by using the generalized cross-correntropy for multiple receive antennas. Finally, a decision tree identification algorithm is employed to identify the STBC-OFDM signals which is extended by the binary hypothesis test. The proposed algorithm avoids the traditionally required pre-processing tasks, such as channel coefficient estimation, noise and interference statistics prediction and modulation type recognition. Numerical results are presented to show that the proposed scheme provides good identification performance by exploiting the generalized cross-correntropy function of STBC-OFDM signals under impulsive interference circumstances.

关键词： Interference OFDM Gaussian noise Classification algorithms Modulation block codes Symbols Impulsive interference multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal identification space-time block code

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Temporal Permutations in Distinct Accumulated blocks of space-time block-coded Spatial Modulation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第12期73卷 19240-19251页

作者： Wei, Ruey-Yi Chang, Ching-Wen Cheng, Yuan-Fu Natl Cent Univ Dept Commun Engn Taoyuan 320 Taiwan CMSC Inc Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

Spatial modulation (SM) is a multi-antenna technique that transmits additional data bits by selecting indexes of transmit antennas. space-time block coded SM (STBC-SM) increases diversity order compared to the original SM by activating two transmit antennas each time. This paper proposes a novel STBC-SM technique that temporally permutates signals of STBC blocks, allowing for increased data rate by selecting different permutation patterns. The proposed technique, temporal permutations in distinct accumulated blocks (TP-DAB), can be applied to existing STBC-SM schemes to enhance spectral efficiency. We first propose a systematic method to generate permutation patterns of TP-DAB for various numbers of different blocks. Subsequently, we design examples using the obtained permutation patterns. Besides, we propose a low-complexity maximum-likelihood (ML) detector with significantly lower complexity than the original ML receiver. In addition to the benefit of bandwidth efficiency, analytical bounds and computer simulations demonstrate that STBC-SM systems using TP-DAB provide better error performance than the original system.

关键词： Transmitting antennas Modulation Symbols Receiving antennas Prototypes Complexity theory Systematics Spatial modulation space-time block code diversity spectral efficiency MIMO

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STBC-Enabled Secure Wireless Transmission With Cooperative Devices Under Imperfect CSI of Destination

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IEEE ACCESS 2023年 11卷 46804-46819页

作者： Shen, Tianji Hama, Yuto Ochiai, Hideki Yokohama Natl Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Yokohama 2408501 Japan

In this work, we investigate a practical secure multiple-input single-output (MISO) wireless transmission of information from a source to a destination assisted by cooperative devices. In the first phase, a space-time block code (STBC) is employed;thus, the source does not require any channel state information (CSI). In the second phase, the cooperative devices are divided into two groups, depending on whether they serve for relaying or jamming. Based on the imperfect CSI toward the destination, the devices allocated to the relay group assist the source in forwarding information, whereas those within the jamming group send artificial noise (AN) so as to prevent the eavesdropper from receiving information. Furthermore, the system utilizes two grouping strategies, referred to as random and adaptive. In the former case the role (relaying or jamming) of each device is predetermined randomly, whereas in the latter case it is determined autonomously depending on the decoding results. We analyze the outage probability of our proposed system with and without power allocation optimization under the assumption of imperfect CSI at the cooperative devices, and their accuracy is verified by Monte-Carlo simulations.

关键词： Jamming Wireless communication Relays MIMO communication Communication system security Interference Power system reliability Channel state information jamming multiple-input multiple-output physical-layer security selective relaying space-time block code

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Physical Layer Security for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems by Alternating Orthogonal space-time block codes

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2020年 1卷 1503-1523页

作者： Cribbs, Michael R. Romero, Ric A. Ha, Tri T. Naval Postgrad Sch Dept Elect & Comp Engn Monterey CA 93943 USA

Algorithms are provided to build a large set of unique complex-valued orthogonal spacetime block codes (STBCs) from a known or standard STBC. A physical layer security (PLS) scheme is proposed to take advantage of this set by alternating the STBC in use over a multiple-input single-output (MISO) or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications link between base station (BS) and user equipment (UE). A practical procedure is proposed and demonstrated to build individual STBCs from the set without use of a lookup table. The sufficient statistic is given and proven to allow for maximal ratio combining (MRC) by the intended receiver for all STBCs in the set. An algorithm is offered for the UE to update the MRC matrix in use as the STBC alternates. Definitions are provided for cryptograms, key residues (KRs), key residue classes (KRCs), and message and cryptogram residue classes pertaining to STBC PLS schemes. These definitions are used to present analysis of the information-theoretic security of the proposed PLS scheme to include message and key equivocation. Theoretical expected bit error rate (BER) for a passive eavesdropper is proven and plotted along with Monte Carlo simulations for confirmation. Discussion of different attack models is provided. Cost and attack complexity are compared between the proposed scheme and two related techniques from the literature.

关键词： Cryptogram residue class key equivocation key residue class message equivocation physical layer security space-time block code

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Rotated Golden codewords Based space-time Line code Systems

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IEEE ACCESS 2022年 10卷 54784-54793页

作者： Xu, Hongjun Pillay, Narushan Yang, Fengfan Univ KwaZulu Natal Sch Engn ZA-4041 Durban South Africa Nanjing Univ Aeronaut & Astronaut Coll Elect & Informat Engn Nanjing 210016 Peoples R China

The space-time line code (STLC) has been recently proposed in the literature. In STLC systems, the channel state information is assumed to be known at the transmitter, but not at the receiver. In the conventional STLC systems, the inputs of the STLC encoder are either M-ary phase shift keying symbols or M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation symbols and can achieve diversity order with very low detection complexity. In order to further improve the error performance of the STLC systems, in this paper, rotated Golden codewords based STLC (RGC-STLC) systems are proposed. We extend the 1 x 2 and 2 x 2 transmit-receive antenna structure in the conventional STLC into 1 x 4 and 2 x 4 transmit-receive antenna structures in the proposed RGC-STLC system. The inputs of the proposed RGC-STLC encoder are the rotated Golden codewords. Compared to the conventional 1 x 2 and 2 x 2 STLC systems, the 1 x 4 and 2 x 4 RGC-STLC systems achieve a higher diversity order. Based on the feature of the rotated Golden codewords, low complexity detection schemes for the 1 x 4 and 2 x 4 RGC-STLC systems are further proposed. Finally, the union bounds on the average symbol error probability for the 1 x 4 and 2 x 4 RGC-STLC systems are derived and shown to match the simulation results very well at high signal-to-noise ratios.

关键词： In-phase and quadrature maximum likelihood detection reduced complexity detection space-time block code space-time line code (STLC) threshold based signal detection

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A Better Than Alamouti OSTBC for MIMO Backscatter Communications

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2022年第2期21卷 1117-1131页

作者： Luan, Huixu Xie, Xie Han, Luyang He, Chen Wang, Z. Jane Northwest Univ Sch Informat Sci & Technol Xian 710069 Peoples R China Univ British Columbia Dept Elect & Comp Engn Vancouver BC V6T 124 Canada

Backscatter communications have received increasingly attention in Internet of Things (IoT) due to its advantages of requiring no internal battery and almost zero maintenance. However, the drawback of backscatter communications is that, its channel fades deeper than conventional channel. To improve the performance, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques have been investigated for backscatter communications. By considering duty cycle, a particular behavior of backscatter communications, as a new performance criterion, we propose a 2 \times 2 orthogonal space-time block code for MIMO backscatter communications. The new code is a rotation of the classical Alamouti code, and in MIMO backscatter channels, this simple rotation will incur an improved duty cycle for both linear and nonlinear energy harvester models, as well as a same, or even better symbol error rate performance. We provide both rigorous mathematical proofs and numerical simulations to show the above results. An interesting thing is that, this new code does not outperform Alamouti code in conventional MIMO channels, which indicates that the space-time code design criteria for conventional channels is not the optimal one for backscatter channels, and existing space-time codes should be reconsidered and/or redesigned to achieve a higher performance in MIMO backscatter communications.

关键词： Backscatter MIMO communication space-time codes Receiving antennas Transmitting antennas Encoding Slot antennas Backscatter communications wireless power transfer space-time block code MIMO duty cycle

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space-time block Coding Blind Classification for Green MIMO-OFDM Communication

Space-Time Block Coding Blind Classification for Green MIMO-...

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IEEE Conference on Global Communications (IEEE GLOBECOM) - Intelligent Communications for Shared Prosperity

作者： Zhang, Junlin Liu, Mingqian Chen, Yunfei Zhao, Nan Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian Shaanxi Peoples R China Univ Durham Dept Engn Durham DH1 3LE England Dalian Univ Technol Sch Informat & Commun Engn Dalian 116024 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350310900

Signal classification plays a pivotal role in cognitive radio networks. This problem becomes more challenging for multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems employing linear space-time block code (STBC). This paper introduces a novel classification scheme to exploit the generalized cross-correntropy function to classify STBC-OFDM signals in the presence of impulsive interference. This scheme relies on the generalized cross-correntropy statistics of the STBC-OFDM signals to construct the strongly-distinguishable discriminating matrix. The proposed scheme avoids the estimation of channel coefficients, noise and interference statistics, and modulation types. Numerical results are presented to show that the proposed scheme provides acceptable classification performance in the presence of Gaussian noise and impulsive interference.

关键词： Signal classification green communication generalized cross-correntropy space-time block code impulsive interference

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Multiple Complex Symbol Golden space-time Labeling Diversity

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IEEE ACCESS 2021年 9卷 70233-70241页

作者： Xu, Hongjun Pillay, Narushan Univ KwaZulu Natal Sch Engn ZA-4041 Durban South Africa

The Golden code is a full-rate space-time block code (STBC), which achieves a diversity order of 2N(r), where N-r is the number of receive antennas. The multiple complex symbol Golden code (MCS-Golden code) is a generalized Golden code. The MCS-Golden code not only achieves full-rate but also achieves a diversity order of 2nN(r), n, n >= 1, is an integer, and 2(n) is the number of multiple complex symbols in the MCS-Golden code system. In this paper, we apply the labelling diversity technique to the MCS-Golden code to form a new type of STBC, named as multiple complex symbol Golden space-time labelling diversity (MCS-GSTLD). The proposed MCS-GSTLD achieves a diversity order of 2 x 2(n)N(r), and further improves error performance compared to the MCS-Golden code. We also formulate the theoretical average bit error probability (ABEP) for the proposed MCS-GSTLD system. Furthermore, we apply sphere decoding with sorted detection subset (SD-SDS) to detect the transmitted symbols in the MCS-GSTLD system. Simulation results show that the SD-SDS scheme achieves the theoretical ABEP for N-r > 2. Both theoretical and simulation results demonstrate that with the same spectral efficiency and four receive antennas, the 2CS-GSTLD achieves at least 1.3 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNr) gain compared to the 2CS-Golden code at a BER of 3x10(-6) while the 4CS-GSTLD achieves at least 0.7 dB SNr gain compared to the 4CS-Golden code.

关键词： Spectral efficiency Error probability Simulation Receiving antennas Decoding Labeling block codes Golden code golden codeword golden space-time labelling diversity maximum likelihood detection multiple complex symbol Golden code space-time block code space-time labelling diversity sphere decoding with sorted detection subset

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Modified design of STBC Encoder for reducing NonLinear distortions in OFDM Channel Estimation 2

Modified design of STBC Encoder for reducing NonLinear disto...

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2nd IEEE International Conference on Advances in Electrical, Computing, Communication and Sustainable Technologies (IEEE ICAECT)

作者： Singh, Shashank Kumar Kumar, Amit Natl Inst Elect & Informat Technol Aurangabad Maharashtra India Radharaman Inst Technol & Sci Bhopal India

ISBN: (纸本)9781665411202

The non-orthogonal encoding in MIMO communication cause fading in OFDM Channel which further increase the BER. For Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, this work develops a new Quasi space-time block codes (STBC) Encoder of while maintain full rate in Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communication. This work shows that not only the Alamouti-scheme which was useful only for STBC for two transmit antennas but with four transmit antenna we can also archive optionality with full rate of communication. This work is carried out on 4x4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) framework and use encoder having 12 full orthogonal sets outs of total 16 possible combination of fading matrix. Non-Linear distortions due to High power amplifiers (HPA) at transmitters of MIMO communication system are one of the major causes of Low SNR ( Signal to Noise Ratio), Proposed STBC encoder fading matrix also kept the input signals symbols linear with output signal symbols. This work is carried out on MATLAB-2018b EDA device and tried on something very similar with different commotion channels conditions.

关键词： OFDM Non-linear distortions Inter-channel interference space-time block code orthogonal MIMO Bit error rate

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