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A comparative study of ultra-massive MIMO intelligent receivers with adversarial robustness and energy efficiency for 6G applications

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Results in Engineering 2025年 26卷

作者： Pushkar Nidagundi Advesh Darvekar Malik Amber Ramesh R School of Electronics Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai Tamil Nadu 600127 India

Ultra-Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (UM-MIMO) systems are pivotal for 6G wireless networks, enabling unprecedented data rates and spectral efficiency. However, optimizing these systems requires a careful balance between energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. This paper proposes a novel Taguchi-based optimization framework that systematically fine-tunes power allocation, modulation schemes, and space-time coding parameters, reducing computational complexity by up to 85 % compared to exhaustive search. The approach integrates advanced technologies including UM-MIMO, cognitive radio, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based detection to enhance robustness against adversarial attacks. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) detector achieves up to 95 % reduction in Bit Error Rate (BER) compared to Zero-Forcing (ZF) in small-to-medium UM-MIMO configurations (2 × 2 to 32 × 32), as shown in Tables (4 and 5), while maintaining computational feasibility. For ultra-massive configurations (256 × 256 to 1024 × 1024), optimized ZF offers the best trade-off between performance and energy efficiency. The Taguchi method yields up to 40 % improvement in energy efficiency while maintaining near-perfect BER. Practical implications of massive power consumption, system complexity, and execution time are discussed, alongside a comparative analysis with recent neural network and genetic algorithm optimizations. Limitations of simulation-based evaluation and a plan for experimental validation are also presented. The findings establish deployment guidelines for mission-critical versus energy-sensitive 6G applications.

关键词： UM-MIMO: Ultra-massive multiple input multiple output BER: Bit error rate SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio AWGN: Additive white Gaussian noise ZF: Zero-forcing UM-MIMO Ultra-Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output BER Bit Error Rate SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise ZF Zero-Forcing MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error ML Maximum Likelihood BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation STBC space-time block code OSTBC Orthogonal space-time block code AI Artificial Intelligence CNN Convolutional Neural Network 6G Sixth Generation

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An effective approach for low-complexity maximum likelihood based automatic modulation classification of STBC-MIMO systems

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2020年第3期21卷 465-476页

作者： Maqsood H.SHAH Xiao-yu DANG College of Electronic and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 211106China

A low-complexity likelihood methodology is proposed for automatic modulation classification of orthogonal space-time block code(STBC)based multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)*** exploit the zero-forcing equalization technique to modify the typical average likelihood ratio test(ALRT)*** proposed ALRT function has a low computational complexity compared to existing ALRT functions for MIMO systems *** proposed approach is analyzed for blind channel scenarios when the receiver has imperfect channel state information(CSI).Performance analysis is carried out for scenarios with different numbers of ***-STBC systems with 2×2 and 2×1 and space-time transmit diversity with a 4×4 transmit and receive antenna configuration are considered to verify the proposed *** popular modulation schemes are used as the modulation test ***-Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the proposed methodology,using the probability of correct classification as the *** results show that the proposed approach has high classification accuracy at low signal-to-noise ratios and exhibits robust behavior against high CSI estimation error variance.

关键词： Multiple-input multiple-output space-time block code Maximum likelihood Automatic modulation classification Zero-forcing

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Subspace Channel Identification for Multiuser MIMO STBC-OFDM Systems

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CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 2019年第9期38卷 4115-4140页

作者： Yuan, Yipu Zhang, Biling Yu, Jung-Lang Fu Jen Catholic Univ Grad Inst Appl Sci & Engn New Taipei Taiwan Quanzhou Normal Univ Coll Phys & Informat Engn Quanzhou Fujian Peoples R China Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Network Educ Beijing Peoples R China Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian Shaanxi Peoples R China Fu Jen Catholic Univ Dept Elect Engn New Taipei Taiwan

This paper investigates the subspace channel identification for multiple-input multiple-output zero-padded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems with space-time block code and virtual carriers (VCs). We first develop a new subspace channel identification model when the VCs exist. Then, two schemes, the forward-backward method and the repetition index scheme (RIS), are developed to generate many times equivalent symbols and then to enhance the performance of the subspace channel identification. With these methods, more accurate subspace channel identification can be obtained by using only a few received blocks. Further, the noise pre-whitening technique is investigated to decrease the nonwhite noise effect caused by the RIS scheme. We also provide complexity analyses of the proposed methods. With the acceptable computational cost, the proposed methods significantly improve the performances of the channel identification and the equalization. Simulations are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

关键词： space-time block code MIMO-OFDM Virtual carriers Subspace channel identification Forward-backward method Repetition index scheme Noise pre-whitening technique

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Quantized Feedback-Based Diagonal Precoding for N x 1 MISO System With Generalized Orthogonal space-time block codes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第1期66卷 91-104页

作者： Garg, Ankit Bhatnagar, Manav R. Berder, Olivier Vrigneau, Baptiste IIT Delhi Dept Elect Engn New Delhi 110016 India Univ Rennes 1 CNRS UMR INRIA IRISA F-22300 Lannion France

In this paper, we propose an imperfect quantized feedback-based diagonal precoding scheme for generalized orthogonal space-time block codes in an N x 1 multiple-input single-output ( MISO) wireless communication system employing M-QAM constellation. It is well known that a feedback-based precoding scheme aids channel adaptive signaling in wireless communication system and capitulates large improvements in almost all performance metrics. However, a practical feedback link is susceptible to error due to wireless channel fading and leads to wrong precoder selection. Therefore, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) adaptive error-tolerant weighting scheme is introduced which provides significant gain in comparison with another proposed arbitrarily fixed SNR error-tolerant weighting scheme. At first, a tight approximate closed-form expression of average symbol-error-rate (SER) and an exact analytical expression of outage probability are derived under imperfect feedback information with the help of order statistics. By minimizing the derived average SER, optimized transmit weights for the diagonal precoding matrix (based on feedback bits) are obtained. Later, a closed-form expression of the ergodic capacity with erroneous feedback bits for arbitrary MISO system is also provided by using the moment generating function approach. Further, numerical results show that the considered error-tolerant schemes outperform the uniform power allocation scheme in term of all the investigated performance metrics.

关键词： Ergodic capacity feedback large MIMO moment generating function order statistics outage probability precoding space-time block code symbol-error-rate

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"Near-Perfect" Finite-Cardinality Generalized space-time Shift Keying

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2019年第9期37卷 2146-2164页

作者： Xu, Chao Zhang, Peichang Rajashekar, Rakshith Ishikawa, Naoki Sugiura, Shinya Wang, Zhaocheng Hanzo, Lajos Univ Southampton Sch Elect & Comp Sci Southampton SO17 1BJ Hants England Shenzheu Univ Coll Informat Engn Shenzhen 518060 Peoples R China Hiroshima City Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci Ohzuka Higashi 7313194 Japan Univ Tokyo Inst Ind Sci Tokyo 1538505 Japan Tsinghua Univ Dept Elect Engn Beijing 100084 Peoples R China

Two decades of full-diversity high-rate MIMO research has created perfect space-time block codes (STBCs), including the Golden code. However, the major stumbling block of their wide-spread employment is their limited energy-efficiency. On one hand, the superposition of their signals results in a high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). On the other hand, the total number of equivalent Inter-Antenna Interference (IAI) contributions that the receiver has to deal with is increased to IAI = M-2 upon using M Transmit Antennas (TAs), which is a substantial extra price compared to the IAI = M of V-BLAST. Against this background, we propose a new family of Finite-Cardinality Generalized space-time Shift Keying (FC-GSTSK). More explicitly, the proposed FC-GSTSK is capable of outperforming both V-BLAST and STBC, which is the ultimate objective of full-diversity high-rate MIMO design. Furthermore, following the index modulation philosophy, the proposed FC-GSTSK replaces the signal-additions by the data-carrying signal-selection process. As a benefit, the FC-GSTSK substantially reduces the PAPR of signal transmission. As a further advantage, the equivalent IAI imposed on signal detection is reduced back to the same level as that of the V-BLAST. Moreover, the proposed FC-GSTSK is even capable of consistently outperforming the perfect STBCs in terms of its Peak Signal to Noise-power Ratio (PSNR) that takes into account the power consumption at the transmitter. As a further advance, the reduced-RF-chain based version of FC-GSTSK is also capable of outperforming both Generalized Spatial Modulation (GSM) and space-time block coded Spatial Modulation (STBC-SM) without increasing the PAPR and the equivalent IAI.

关键词： space-time block code perfect STBC Golden code generalized space-time shift keying finite-cardinality peak-to-average power ratio inter-antenna interference energy-efficiency bandwidth-efficiency power-efficiency full-RF-chain reduced-RF-chain index modulation generalized spatial modulation

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Performance Analysis of Erroneous Feedback-Based MIMO System Over Nakagami-m Fading Channels

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2019年第8期67卷 5403-5418页

作者： Garg, Ankit Bhatnagar, Manav R. Berder, Olivier Vrigneau, Baptiste Jaypee Inst Informat Technol Noida Dept Elect & Commun Engn Noida 201309 India IIT Delhi Dept Elect Engn New Delhi 110016 India Univ Rennes 1 INRIA IRISA UMR CNRS 6074 F-22300 Rennes France

In this paper, imperfect feedback-based linear precoding schemes are proposed for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems, where input symbol streams are encoded by using generalized-orthogonal space-time block codes. The imperfect feedback information drastically degrades the system performance. Therefore, to overcome the effect of erroneous feedback information, error-tolerant weighting (ETW) schemes are implemented by employing diagonal precoder. The communication links are assumed to be Nakagami-m distributed for accurately characterizing practical wireless channels under different fading scenarios. Exact and asymptotic symbol-error-rate (SER) expressions of the considered MIMO system are derived under imperfect feedback with the help of order statistics. The most appropriate values of the transmit weights of the precoder matrix are obtained by minimizing the derived average SER over fixed and adaptive signal-to-noise ratio. Further, we study the trade-off between the proposed optimal and suboptimal feedback-based precoding schemes. Moreover, the ergodic-rate of the ETW schemes is also derived with imperfect feedback for arbitrary MIMO system by using the moment generating function approach. The simulated and analytical results show that a significant performance gain is achieved by the ETW schemes as compared to the uniform power allocation and existing precoding techniques under erroneous feedback information.

关键词： Ergodic-rate feedback MIMO moment generating function order statistics precoding space-time block code symbol-error-rate

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A-STBC incorporated power-efficient Radio over Fibre system

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OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 2019年 441卷 84-89页

作者： Kaur, Jaswinder Sharma, Vishal IK Gujral Punjab Tech Univ Jalandhar Punjab India SBS State Tech Campus Ferozepur Punjab India

MIMO-OFDM based Radio over Fibre (RoF) system has emerged as a potential candidate to realize highly-reliable, power- and spectral-efficient wireless systems. However, low spectral-efficiency in conjunction with high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the FFT based conventional OFDM degrades the system performance and demands high power to attain the required BER. To reduce this high power requirement to attain the threshold BER (10(-3)), a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) approach is incorporated with conventional MIMO-OFDM-RoF system in this work. The proposed Wavelet-OFDM (W-OFDM) system is integrated with Alamouti-space-time block codes (A-STBC) and the resulting MIMO-OFDM signal is transported over a RoF link of 10 Km in the presence of non-linearity. Moreover, at radio access point (RAP), the received RF signals are transmitted over Rayleigh faded wireless-channel in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and phase-offset arising due to imperfect carrier phase-estimation. The proposed system equipped with 16-PSK and 64-PSK modulation schemes claims power efficacy of 68% and 40% respectively in achieving the threshold BER in contrast to the conventional system under low non-linearity scenario.

关键词： Radio over fibre space-time block code Multi-carrier modulation Wavelet Phase-offset

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Higher order statistics for modulation and STBC recognition in MIMO systems

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IET COMMUNICATIONS 2019年第16期13卷 2436-2446页

作者： Khosraviyani, Mokhtar Kalbkhani, Hashem Shayesteh, Mahrokh G. Urmia Univ Dept Elect Engn Orumiyeh Iran Urmia Univ Technol Fac Elect Engn Orumiyeh Iran Sharif Univ Technol Elec Engn Dept ACRI Wireless Res Lab Tehran Iran

Identification of modulation and space-time block code (STBC) is an important task of receivers in applications such as military, civilian, and commercial communications. Here, we consider multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We propose two methods for STBC identification when the modulation is known. We also introduce a method for joint identification of code and modulation. Additionally, we present an enhanced zero-forcing (ZF) equaliser to improve the separation between the features of different classes. Higher order cumulants are used as the statistical features. In the first method of STBC identification, after the proposed equalisation, received data samples are segmented, and then using the mean and Frobenius norm of the covariance matrix of extracted cumulants as threshold values, the STBCs are detected. This method requires the knowledge of the threshold values for each modulation type and noise power. In the second method, the knowledge of noise power and the type of modulation are not needed. After the proposed ZF equalisation, feature vector based on the cumulants is calculated, and then support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used to classify different STBCs. In the third method, joint detection of STBC and modulation type is performed using the proposed ZF equaliser and mapping the received samples. This method deals with the theoretical values calculated from the cumulants of four STBCs and four modulations, where there is no need to know the noise power. The results indicate that the proposed methods perform well even at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).

关键词： equalisers higher order statistics support vector machines covariance matrices MIMO communication space-time block codes pattern classification telecommunication computing higher order statistics STBC recognition MIMO systems space-time block code multiple-input multiple-output systems STBC identification joint identification higher order cumulants statistical features threshold values modulation type noise power feature vector joint detection ZF equaliser Frobenius norm support vector machine classifier zero-forcing equaliser covariance matrix SVM classifier signal-to-noise ratios

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Secure Alamouti Multiple Access Channel Transmissions: Multiuser Transmission and Multi-Antenna Eavesdroppers

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IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2019年第5期8卷 1510-1513页

作者： Allen, T. Tajer, A. Al-Dhahir, N. Gen Dynam Missions Syst Scottsdale AZ 85257 USA Rensselaer Polytech Inst Elect Comp & Syst Engn Dept Troy NY 12180 USA Univ Texas Dallas Dept Elect Engn Richardson TX 75080 USA

Using the Alamouti space-time block code in conjunction with artificial noise (AN) is an effective approach to secure multiple access (MAC) transmission in the presence of eavesdroppers. Existing studies on this technique focus on the two-user transmission systems and single-antenna eavesdroppers. This letter proposes a novel approach that generalizes this technique to multiuser transmission schemes and multi-antenna eavesdroppers. Security gains are analyzed, and the minimum number of MAC users that should participate in generating the AN in order to secure their transmissions is characterized analytically.

关键词： Artificial noise multiple access channel physical layer security space-time block code

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Gaussian integers and interleaved rank codes for space-time block codes

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2017年第1期30卷 1-19页

作者： Asif, H. M. Honary, B. Hamayun, M. T. CIIT Ctr Hlth Res EE Lahore Pakistan Univ Lancaster SCC Lancaster England

This paper presents the design of space-time block codes (STBCs) over maximum rank distance (MRD) codes, energy-efficient STBCs, STBCs using interleaved-MRD codes, the use of Gaussian integers for STBCs modulation, and Gabidulin's decoding algorithm for decoding STBCs. The design fundamentals of STBCs using MRD codes are firstly put forward for different number of transmit antennas. Extension finite fields (Galois fields) are used to design these linear block codes. Afterward, a comparative study of MRD-based STBCs with corresponding orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal codes is also included in the paper. The simulation results show that rank codes, for any number of transmit antennas, exhibit diversity gain at full rate contrary to orthogonal codes, which give diversity gain at full rate only for two transmit antennas case. Secondly, an energy-efficient MRD-STBC is proposed, which outperforms orthogonal STBC at least for 2 x 1 antenna system. Thirdly, interleaved-MRD codes are used to construct higher-order transmit antenna systems. Using interleaved-MRD codes further reduces the complexity (compared with normal MRD codes) of the decoding algorithm. Fourthly, the use of Gaussian integers is utilized in mapping MRD-based STBCs to complex constellations. Furthermore, it is described how an efficient and computationally less complex Gabidulin's decoding algorithm can be exploited for decoding complex MRD-STBCs. The decoding results have been compared against hard-decision maximum likelihood decoding. Under this decoding scheme, MRD-STBCs have been shown to be potential candidate for higher transmit antenna systems as the decoding complexity of Gabidulin's algorithm is far less, and its performance for decoding MRD-STBCs is somewhat reasonable. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

关键词： diversity gain coding gain rank codes multiple antennas interleaved codes hard-decision decoding space-time block code Galois field

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