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The minimum decoding delay of maximum rate complex orthogonal space-time block codes

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2007年第8期53卷 2677-2684页

作者： Adams, Sarah Spence Karst, Nathaniel Pollack, Jonathan Franklin W Olin Coll Engn Needham MA 02492 USA

The growing demand for efficient wireless transmissions over fading channels motivated the development of space-time block codes. space-time block codes built from generalized complex orthogonal designs are particularly attractive because the orthogonality permits a simple decoupled maximum-likelihood decoding algorithm while achieving full transmit diversity. The two main research problems for these complex orthogonal space-time block codes (COSTBCs) have been to determine for any number of antennas the maximum rate and the minimum decoding delay for a maximum rate code. The maximum rate for COSTBCs was determined by Liang in 2003. This paper addresses the second fundamental problem by providing a tight lower bound on the decoding delay for maximum rate codes. It is shown that for a maximum rate COSTBC for 2m - 1 or 27m. antennas, a tight lower bound on decoding delay is r=((2m)(m-1)). This lower bound on decoding delay is achievable when the number of antennas is congruent to 0, 1, or 3 modulo 4. This paper also derives a tight lower bound on the number of variables required to construct a maximum rate COSTBC for any given number of antennas. Furthermore, it is shown that if a maximum rate COSTBC has a decoding delay of r where r < r <= 2r, then r = 2r. This is used to provide evidence that when the number of antennas is congruent to 2 modulo 4, the best achievable decoding delay is 2 ((2m)(m-1)).

关键词： generalized complex orthogonal design (GCOD) maximum rate minimum decoding delay multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) space-time block code

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High-Diversity Bandwidth-Efficient space-time block coded Differential Spatial Modulation

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2024年 5卷 3331-3339页

作者： Wei, Ruey-Yi Lin, Kai-Han Jhang, Jyun-Ruei Natl Cent Univ Dept Commun Engn Taoyuan 32001 Taiwan Taiwan Semicond Mfg Co Ltd Test Program Dev Dept Hsinchu 300 Taiwan Silicon Integrated Syst Corp Chip Dev Dept Hsinchu 300 Taiwan

By choosing indexes of antennas, differential spatial modulation (DSM) transmits additional data bits without increasing power consumption, radio-frequency circuits, and pilot overhead. space-time block coded DSM (STBC-DSM) is a DSM scheme combined with STBC to enhance diversity. In our earlier work, we propose a bandwidth-efficient STBC-DSM (BE-STBC-DSM) scheme, which interleaves the transmitted symbols. However, the transmit diversity order of existing STBC-DSM schemes is only two. In this paper, we propose an STBC-DSM scheme whose transmit diversity order is four, called high-diversity BE-STBC-DSM (HD-BE-STBC-DSM), by replacing the 2 x 2 STBC with a full-diversity 4 x 4 STBC in BE-STBC-DSM. Because the interleaving patterns in the original BE-STBC-DSM cannot be utilized in HD-BE-STBC-DSM, we need to find new interleaving patterns for HD-BE-STBC-DSM. We propose a novel interleaving type, intra-block interleaving, and propose a new design method that differs from the BE-STBC-DSM method. In addition, we propose inter-block interleaving and search patterns of inter-block interleaving. Compared with other DSM schemes with the same diversity order, HD-BE-STBC-DSM is much more spectrally efficient. In addition, HD-BE-STBC-DSM offers the best error performance at high signal-to-noise ratios among all STBC-DSM schemes.

关键词： Modulation Transmitting antennas Symbols Encoding Receiving antennas block codes Signal to noise ratio Differential spatial modulation diversity space-time block code

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Optimization of space-time block codes based on multidimensional super-set partitioning

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IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS 2005年第4期12卷 317-320页

作者： Li, YH Vucetic, B Univ Sydney Sch Elect & Informat Engn Sydney NSW 2006 Australia

This letter presents an optimized space-time block code constructed by using multidimensional super-set partitioning (STBC-MDSP). The theoretical upper bound on the pairwise probability of STBC-MDSP is derived, and based on it, a code design criterion is proposed. It is shown that to optimize the performance of STBC-MDSP, one should maximize the sum square distance (SSD) in each level of super-set partitioning. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is superior by about 2.5 and 1.5 dB to the Alamouti scheme and Tarokh-Seshadri-Calderbank (TSC) code with the same number of states, respectively, at the frame error rate (FER) of 10(-2) over quasi-static fading channels.

关键词： space-time block code super-set partitioning

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Fast blind channel estimation for space-time block coded MIMO-OFDM systems

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2017年第3期65卷 443-457页

作者： Zhang, Biling Yu, Jung-Lang Yuan, Yipu Lai, Jian-Wei Beijing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Network Educ Beijing 100876 Peoples R China Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Peoples R China Fu Jen Catholic Univ Dept Elect Engn New Taipei 24205 Taiwan Fu Jen Catholic Univ Grad Inst Appl Sci & Engn New Taipei 24205 Taiwan Quanzhou Normal Univ Coll Phys & Informat Engn Quanzhou 362000 Peoples R China

Fast blind subspace channel estimation using circular property of the channel matrix is investigated for space-time block coded (STBC) multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems in this paper. The noise subspace computed from the correlation matrix of received signals requires a large number of symbols to converge in the subspace channel estimation. Using the circular property of the channel matrix, we propose both the cyclic repetition method (CRM) and the forward-backward method (FBM) to generate N times of equivalent signals for each STBC-OFDM symbol, respectively, where N is the size of FFT operation. With these equivalent symbols, the proposed CRM, FBM and CRM-FBM (CFBM) channel estimations can perform very well within a few OFDM symbols. The CRM, FBM and CFBM schemes are applicable to the CP-OFDM, ZP-OFDM and VC-OFDM systems, respectively. The identifiability of the subspace channel estimation is investigated that the channel matrix is determined up to two ambiguity matrices. Computer simulations demonstrate that the CRM-based, FBM-based and CFBM-based channel estimations have better performances than the conventional ones.

关键词： space-time block code MIMO-OFDM Blind channel estimation Cyclic prefix Virtual carrier Zero-padding

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Some Designs and Normalized Diversity Product Upper Bounds for Lattice-Based Diagonal and Full-Rate space-time block codes

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY 2009年第2期55卷 569-583页

作者： Liao, Huiyong Wang, Haiquan Xia, Xiang-Gen Univ Delaware Dept Elect & Comp Engn Newark DE 19716 USA

In this paper, we first present two tight upper hounds for the normalized diversity products (or product distances) of 2 x 2 diagonal space-time block codes from quadratic extensions on Q(i) and Q(zeta(6)), where i = root-1 and zeta(6) = exp(i2 pi/6). Two such codes are shown to reach the tight upper bounds and therefore have the maximal normalized diversity products. We present two new diagonal space-time block codes from higher order algebraic extensions on Q(i) and Q(zeta(6)) for three and four transmit antennas. We also present a nontight upper bound for normalized diversity products of 2 x 2 diagonal space-time block codes with QAM information symbols, i.e., in Z[i], from general 2 x 2 complex-valued generating matrices. We then present an n x n-diagonal space-time code design method directly from 2n real integers based on extended complex lattices (of generating matrix size n x 2n) that are shown to have better normalized diversity products than the optimal diagonal cyclotomic codes do. We finally use the optimal 2 x 2 diagonal space-time codes from the optimal quadratic extensions to construct two 2 x 2 full-rate space-time block codes and find that both of them have better normalized diversity products than the Golden code does.

关键词： Algebraic extension complex lattice Golden code normalized diversity product space-time block code

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Differential modulation based on space-time block codes

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Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics 2004年第3期15卷 407-412页

作者：李正权胡光锐 DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationsYangzhouUniversity Yangzhou225009P.R.China DepartmentofElectronicsandInformationShanghaiJiaotongUniversity Shanghai200030P.R.China

A differential modulation scheme using space-time block codes is put forward. Compared with other schemes, our scheme has lower computational complexity and has a simpler decoder. In the case of three or four transmitter antennas, our scheme has a higher rate a higher coding gain and a lower bit error rate for a given rate. Then we made simulations for space-time block codes as well as group codes in the case of two, three, four and five transmit antennas. The simulations prove that using two transmit antennas, one receive antenna and code rate of 4 bits/s/Hz, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 4 dB. Useing three, four and five transmit antennas, one receive antenna, and code rate of 3 bits/s/Hz are adopted, the differential STBC method outperform the differential group codes method by 5 dB, 6. 5 dB and 7 dB, respectively. In other words, the differential modulation scheme based on space-time block code is better than the corresponding differential modulation scheme

关键词： space-time block code coding gain differential modulation bit error rate.

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A comparison of orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal space-time block codes for fast fading channels

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IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2005年第7期E88B卷 3069-3072页

作者： Kim, J Cho, YS SAIT Commun & Network Lab Kyunggido South Korea Chung Ang Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Seoul 156756 South Korea

This letter compares orthogonal space time codes and quasi-orthogonal codes when the wireless channels are fast fading. It is well known that a orthogonal space-time code is better than a quasi-orthogonal code in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) range and that a quasi-orthogonal code is better in low SNR range. In this letter, we show that a quasi-orthogonal space-time code is a better choice even in high SNR range when the channels are fast fading.

关键词： space-time block code MIMO transmit diversity fast fading

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Physical Layer Security for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Systems by Alternating Orthogonal space-time block codes

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF THE COMMUNICATIONS SOCIETY 2020年 1卷 1503-1523页

作者： Cribbs, Michael R. Romero, Ric A. Ha, Tri T. Naval Postgrad Sch Dept Elect & Comp Engn Monterey CA 93943 USA

Algorithms are provided to build a large set of unique complex-valued orthogonal spacetime block codes (STBCs) from a known or standard STBC. A physical layer security (PLS) scheme is proposed to take advantage of this set by alternating the STBC in use over a multiple-input single-output (MISO) or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications link between base station (BS) and user equipment (UE). A practical procedure is proposed and demonstrated to build individual STBCs from the set without use of a lookup table. The sufficient statistic is given and proven to allow for maximal ratio combining (MRC) by the intended receiver for all STBCs in the set. An algorithm is offered for the UE to update the MRC matrix in use as the STBC alternates. Definitions are provided for cryptograms, key residues (KRs), key residue classes (KRCs), and message and cryptogram residue classes pertaining to STBC PLS schemes. These definitions are used to present analysis of the information-theoretic security of the proposed PLS scheme to include message and key equivocation. Theoretical expected bit error rate (BER) for a passive eavesdropper is proven and plotted along with Monte Carlo simulations for confirmation. Discussion of different attack models is provided. Cost and attack complexity are compared between the proposed scheme and two related techniques from the literature.

关键词： Cryptogram residue class key equivocation key residue class message equivocation physical layer security space-time block code

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Cyclic-delay time-reversal space-time block codes for single-carrier transmission with frequency-domain decision-feedback equalization

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2011年第9期54卷 1905-1915页

作者： FENG Ang,YIN QinYe & WANG HuiMing MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China 1. MOE Key Laboratory for Intelligent Networks and Network Security Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an 710049 China

Transmit diversity is an important multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) approach to improve the transmission reliability;however,it is usually designed with maximum-likelihood *** this paper,we investigate a simple transceiver structure for single-carrier MIMO systems,in which the cyclic-delay time-reversal space-time block code (CDTR-STBC) is employed at the transmitter,and the frequency-domain decision-feedback equalization (FD-DFE) is used at the *** separate the transmit antennas into two groups,and then,encode the groups by STBC and cyclically delay the data streams within each *** processing can mitigate the impact of error-propagation and reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss when FD-DFE is employed,in which SNR is defined as the ratio of the received signal power over the noise power at each receive *** support our proposal,this paper also provides the performance analysis of *** is shown that the proposed scheme can achieve full diversity and full transmission rate for a MIMO system employing arbitrary ***,it has considerable performance improvement over the existing schemes.

关键词： single-carrier frequency-domain equalization cyclic delay space-time block code diversity order

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Performance analysis of variable-power adaptive modulation in space-time block coded MIMO diversity systems

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2010年第10期53卷 2106-2115页

作者： YU XiangBin 1,2 & SHI HuiBin 1 1 College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China 2 National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China 1. College of Information Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 210016 China2. National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China

In this paper, the performance analysis of multi-antenna MIMO systems with variable-power (VP) adaptive modulation and space-time coding is presented. The fading gain value is partitioned into a number of regions by which we decide the transmission power according to the region the fading gain falls in. The optimum fading gain region boundaries (switching thresholds) for maximizing spectrum efficiency (SE) under a target BER and average power constraint are derived. It is shown that the Lagrange multiplier in the constrained SE optimization will be unique if the existence condition for multi-antenna systems is satisfied, and is unique for single antenna systems. A practical iterative calculation method based on Steepest Descent Algorithm for finding the Lagrange multiplier is proposed. With the switching thresholds, the closed-form expressions of the SE and average BER, respectively for VP system and constant-power (CP) system are achieved. Simulation results for SE and average BER are in good agreement with the theory analysis. The results show that VP adaptive modulation with space-time coding provides better SE than the counterpart with CP under a target BER and average power constraint.

关键词： adaptive modulation variable power space-time block code constant power multiple input multiple output (MIMO)

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