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spatial modulation and Generalized spatial modulation for Dynamic Metasurface Antennas

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2025年第1期24卷 783-795页

作者： Matemu, Arnold E. Lee, Kyungchun Seoul Natl Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect & Informat Engn Seoul 01811 South Korea Seoul Natl Univ Sci & Technol Res Ctr Elect & Informat Technol Seoul 01811 South Korea

To address the significant capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX) associated with each antenna having its dedicated radio frequency (RF) chain in multiple-input multiple-output configuration, various techniques have been introduced, such as analog architectures, hybrid architectures, and index modulation (IM). Moreover, novel antenna architectures, such as graphene-based and dynamic metasurface antennas (DMAs), which leverage the unique properties of graphene and metamaterials, respectively, have been proposed to further reduce CAPEX and OPEX. In this study, we propose novel DMA-based IM schemes that aim to significantly reduce the power-hungry yet expensive RF chains, thereby improving the OPEX and CAPEX. Specifically, we propose a spatial modulation (SM) technique for the DMA architecture, which is achieved by activating either a single microstrip (microstrip-wise SM) with the help of a switching mechanism or a single DMA element (element-wise SM) by manipulating both the DMA reconfigurable weight and a switching mechanism. Our analysis shows that microstrip-wise SM achieves higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and, consequently, higher spectral efficiency compared with element-wise SM. However, in the high-SNR regime, the element-wise SM performs very close to the microstrip-wise SM while requiring lower complexity. Furthermore, we propose a generalized spatial modulation (GSM) technique for the DMA architecture, achieved by simultaneously activating multiple microstrips, to further enhance the spectral efficiency. We propose the design of DMA weights to maximize the SNR for the two considered SM schemes, obtaining closed-form solutions. For the GSM scheme, we develop an alternating algorithm to optimize the DMA weight and baseband precoder to maximize the spectral efficiency. Finally, we provide simulation results to validate our analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

关键词： Microstrip GSM Spectral efficiency Radio frequency Wireless communication Symbols Antennas Baseband Transmitting antennas Signal to noise ratio Dynamic metasurface antenna massive MIMO spatial modulation generalized spatial modulation

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Optimizing spatial modulation MIMO IoT systems with full-duplex/half-duplex UAVs and enhanced transmit antenna selection

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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 2025年 168卷

作者： Phung, Bao The Nguyen, Ba Cao Vinh, Nguyen Van Minh, Bui Vu Nhan, Nguyen Huu Khanh Ho Chi Minh City Univ Ind & Trade Fac Informat Technol Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Telecommun Univ Khanh Hoa Vietnam FPT Univ Dept Informat Assurance IA Hanoi Vietnam Nguyen Tat Thanh Univ Fac Engn & Technol Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Ton Duc Thang Univ Fac Elect & Elect Engn Commun & Signal Proc Res Grp Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Ton Duc Thang Univ 19 Nguyen Huu Tho StTan Phong WardDist 7 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems play a crucial role in elevating the efficiency and reliability of communication networks, especially within Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This article introduces a novel approach involving full-duplex (FD) and half-duplex (HD) relays mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enhance MIMO systems. Incorporating spatial modulation (SM) and transmit antenna selection (TAS) techniques aims to optimize system performance while reducing computational complexity to meet IoT requirements. The article mathematically formulates outage probabilities (OPs) and system throughputs (STs) for the proposed MIMO-IoT-UAV systems utilizing SM with FD/HD-UAV, both with and without TAS, over practical Nakagami-m channels. Numerical illustrations underscore the advantages of employing FD/HD-UAV and TAS in MIMO-IoT-UAV systems. Specifically, OPs with TAS are significantly lower, while STs with TAS are notably higher than their counterparts without TAS. Additionally, TAS with FD-UAV yields greater benefits than HD-UAV, particularly in preventing the error floor associated with residual self-interference (RSI). To mitigate this error floor in MIMO-IoT-UAV systems using FD-UAV, an effective strategy involves increasing the number of transmit/receive antennas. The choice between FD and HD modes hinges on parameters such as transmit power, data rate, and RSI. Depending on these factors, FD-UAV performance may exhibit lower or higher error rates than HD-UAV. Hence, the optimal selection of FD or HD mode, combined with TAS, is essential for enhancing MIMO-IoT-UAV system performance. This optimization process should consider parameters like RSI level, the number of transmit/receive antennas, data rate requirements, and UAV position to ensure efficient and reliable communication across diverse scenarios.

关键词： Unmanned aerial vehicles Multiple-input multiple-output spatial modulation Full/half-duplex Transmit antenna selection Outage probability System throughput

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Antenna Selection for Receive spatial modulation System Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2025年第1期74卷 1169-1179页

作者： Ozden, Burak Ahmet Aydin, Erdogan Istanbul Medeniyet Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-34857 Istanbul Turkiye Yildiz Tech Univ Dept Comp Engn TR-34220 Istanbul Turkiye

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) enhances signal quality by adjusting the phase of electromagnetic waves in wireless communication. spatial modulation (SM), a prominent index modulation (IM) technique, provides high spectral efficiency and low energy consumption. In this article, a new wireless communication system is proposed by combining capacity-optimized antenna selection (COAS), antenna correlation antenna selection (ACAS), and Euclidean distance-optimized antenna selection (EDAS)-supported RIS-empowered receive SM (RIS-RSM) system (AS-RIS-RSM) in a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) structure. The proposed AS-RIS-RSM schemes (COAS-RIS-RSM, ACAS-RIS-RSM, and EDAS-RIS-RSM) provide better error performance compared to the traditional RIS-RSM system. Also, they offer higher spectral and energy efficiency compared to traditional wireless communication systems without IM. Integrating COAS, ACAS, and EDAS techniques into the system enables the selection of the channel with the best conditions, thus increasing the error performance of the proposed system. Also, using RIS increases the error performance of the system by controlling the transmitted signal to a certain extent. The analytical average bit error rate results of the proposed AS-RIS-RSM systems are derived and shown to overlap with simulation results. For the proposed systems, an optimal maximum likelihood (ML) detector and a sub-optimal low-complexity greedy detector (GD) are offered. Also, capacity analyses of the proposed AS-RIS-RSM systems are derived and it is observed that they have higher capacity compared to RIS-QAM/PSK and RIS-RSM systems. Then, computational complexity analyses of the proposed COAS-RIS-RSM, ACAS-RIS-RSM, and EDAS-RIS-RSM systems are presented. Moreover, the impact of imperfect channel state information on the error performance of the proposed AS-RIS-RSM systems is investigated, and throughput analysis is performed. The proposed systems have been compared to counterpart wire

关键词： Antennas Receiving antennas Wireless communication Transmitting antennas Fading channels Spectral efficiency Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) spatial modulation index modulation Euclidean distance optimized antenna selection capacity-optimized antenna selection antenna correlation based antenna selection antenna correlation based antenna selection

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Transmissive RIS Transmitter Enabled spatial modulation MIMO Systems

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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS 2025年第3期43卷 899-911页

作者： Zhu, Xusheng Wu, Qingqing Chen, Wen Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Dept Elect Engn Shanghai 200240 Peoples R China

In this paper, we propose a novel transmissive reconfigurable intelligent surface (TRIS) transmitter-enabled spatial modulation (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. In the transmission stage, a column-control activation strategy is implemented for the TRIS panel, where the specific column elements are activated per time slot. Concurrently, the receiver employs the maximum likelihood detection technique. Based on this, for the transmit signals, we derive the closed-form expressions for the upper bounds of the average bit error probability (ABEP) of the proposed scheme from different perspectives, employing both vector-based and element-based approaches. Furthermore, we provide the asymptotic closed-form expressions for the ABEP of the TRIS-SM scheme, as well as the diversity gain. To improve the performance of the proposed TRIS-SM system, we optimize ABEP with a fixed data rate. Additionally, we provide lower bounds to simplify the computational complexity of improved TRIS-SM scheme. The Monte Carlo simulation method is used to validate the theoretical derivations exhaustively. The results demonstrate that the proposed TRIS-SM scheme can achieve better ABEP performance compared to the conventional SM scheme. Furthermore, the improved TRIS-SM scheme outperforms the TRIS-SM scheme in terms of reliability.

关键词： Transmitting antennas Receiving antennas Radio transmitters modulation Symbols Slot antennas Radio frequency Power demand Horn antennas Costs TRIS transmitter spatial modulation multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) average bit error probability (ABEP)

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A new covert communication method based on spatial modulation

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ALEXANDRIA ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2025年 122卷 180-189页

作者： Huang, Luying Lei, Jing Huang, Ying Wan, Zehan Natl Univ Def Technol Coll Elect Sci & Technol Changsha 410073 Peoples R China

This paper investigates a covert communication system that utilizes spatial modulation (SM) and employs multiple antennas at the transmitter to transmit artificial noise (AN) with the objective of concealing covert information transmission. Firstly, a portion of the covert information is mapped on the antenna index and the rest is transmitted by different antennas via SM technology, which enhances covertness by leveraging unequal priori information and improves covert capacity. Secondly, the covert performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated separately under the assumption that the covert information follows Gaussian distribution (GD) and discrete constellation points distribution (DCPD). The closed-form expressions for Willie's detection error probability (PDE) and the covert capacity of Bob are derived under both distributions, respectively. Additionally, Alice optimizes power allocation between AN and covert information to achieve trade-off between effectiveness and covertness while effectively utilizing system resources. Simulation results indicate that increasing total transmit power enhances covert capacity when power allocation factor is low or increasing power allocation factor enhances it when total transmit power is low while ensuring compliance with covert constraint. It is also proved that under the same covert constraint, the covert performance and covert capacity of GD under the proposed covert method are better than that of DCPD. Meanwhile, it is shown that our proposed strategy has a remarkable advantage over the covert scheme without employing SM.

关键词： Covert communication spatial modulation Artificial noise Discrete constellation points distribution Gaussian distribution

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spatial modulation-Aided Cooperative NOMA: Performance Analysis and Comparative Study

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IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING 2019年第3期13卷 715-728页

作者： Li, Qiang Wen, Miaowen Basar, Ertugrul Poor, H. Vincent Chen, Fangjiong South China Univ Technol Sch Elect & Informat Engn Guangzhou 510640 Guangdong Peoples R China Xidian Univ State Key Lab Integrated Serv Networks Xian 710071 Shaanxi Peoples R China Koc Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Commun Res & Innovat Lab TR-34450 Sariyer Turkey Princeton Univ Dept Elect Engn Princeton NJ 08544 USA

The combination of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signaling is capable of providing significantly improved spectral efficiency and effective multiple access. However, conventional MIMO-NOMA entails significantly increased power consumption and implementation complexity. Inspired by the essence of spatial modulation (SM), in this paper, a novel three-node cooperative relaying system (CRS) using SM-aided NOMA, termed CRS-SM-NOMA, is proposed, in which the messages for two users are conveyed by two different information-hearing units of SM. As the reference scheme, conventional CRS-NOMA is further re-investigated with multiple receive antennas. Besides the achievable rate, which is adopted by most of the existing NOMA works as the performance metric, the bit error rate (BER) of CRS-SM-NOMA and CRS-NOMA is analyzed assuming maximum-likelihood detection. Approximate bit error probability expressions are derived in closed form for both users. Simulation results verify the analysis and show that the proposed CRS-SM-NOMA outperforms conventional CRS-NOMA and SM-OMA in terms of the BER as well as ergodic sum rate.

关键词： Bit error rate cooperative relaying non-orthogonal multiple access spatial modulation sum rate

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spatial modulation Aided Sparse Code-Division Multiple Access

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2018年第3期17卷 1474-1487页

作者： Liu, Yusha Yang, Lie-Liang Hanzo, Lajos Univ Southampton Sch Elect & Comp Sci Southampton SO17 1BJ Hants England

In order to support high-user-load multiple-access (MA), we propose a non-orthogonal MA scheme based on a beneficial amalgam of spatial modulation (SM) and sparse code-division multiple-access (SCDMA), which is termed the SM-SCDMA. Hence, SM-SCDMA inherits both the merits of SM with single radio-frequency MIMO transceiver implementation and the advantages of SCDMA relying on low-complexity signal detection. In this paper, we evaluate the potential of SM-SCDMA as well as its low-complexity near-optimum signal detection. Given these objectives, we consider both the maximum likelihood detection and the message passing algorithm aided detection (MPAD) that is derived based on the maximum a posteriori principles. In order to evaluate the performance of large SM-SCDMA without relying on time-consuming simulations, we propose new approaches for analyzing the performance of SM-SCDMA systems. A range of formulas that are valid in the signal-to-noise ratio region of practical interest are derived. Finally, the performance of SM-SCDMA systems is investigated by addressing diverse design concerns. Our studies and performance results show that SM-SCDMA constitutes a promising MA scheme for the future ultra dense systems. Assisted by the MPAD, it is capable of supporting high-user-load MA transmission associated with a normalized user-load factor of two.

关键词： CDMA NOMA spatial modulation low density signature maximum a posteriori detection maximum-likelihood detection message passing algorithm performance analysis

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spatial modulation and physical layer network coding based bidirectional relay network with transmit antenna selection over Nakagami-m fading channels

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2018年第14期31卷 e3742-e3742页

作者： Rajesh, R. Velmurugan, P. G. S. Thiruvengadam, S. J. Mallick, P. S. Vellore Inst Technol SENSE Vellore Tamil Nadu India Thiagarajar Coll Engn ECE Dept Madurai Tamil Nadu India Vellore Inst Technol SELECT Vellore Tamil Nadu India

In this paper, a high data rate bidirectional relay network is proposed by combining the merits of spatial modulation (SM) and physical layer network coding. All nodes in the network are equipped with multiple antennas. spatial modulation technique is used to reduce hardware complexity and interchannel interference by activating only one antenna at any time during transmission. In the proposed bidirectional relay network, transmit antennas are selected at the source nodes and relay node on the basis of the order statistics of channel power. It increases received signal power and provides a significant improvement in the outage performance. Also, the data rate of the proposed network is improved by physical layer network coding at the relay node. A closed form analytical expression for the outage probability of the network over Nakagami-m fading channel is derived and validated by Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, asymptotic analysis is investigated at high signal-to-noise ratio *** outage performance of the proposed network is compared with SM and physical layer network coding bidirectional relay network without transmit antenna selection and point-to-point SM. With approximate SNR approximate to 1dB difference between the two networks, the same data rate is achieved.

关键词： decode and forward Nakagami-m fading channel physical layer network coding spatial modulation transmit antenna selection

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spatial modulation based on reconfigurable antennas: performance evaluation by using the prototype of a reconfigurable antenna

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EURASIP JOURNAL ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING 2019年第1期2019卷 1页

作者： Dung Nguyen Viet Di Renzo, Marco Basavarajappa, Vedaprabhu Exposito, Beatriz Bedia Basterrechea, Jose Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy Univ Paris Saclay Univ Paris Sud CNRS Lab Signaux & SystCent Supelec F-91192 Gif Sur Yvette France Parque Cient & Tecnol Cantabria TTI Norte Albert Einstein 14 Santander 39011 Cantabria Spain Univ Cantabria Ave Castros S-N E-39005 Santander Cantabria Spain Orange Gardens Orange Labs 44 Ave RepublCS 50010 F-92326 Chatillon France

In this paper, we study the performance of spatial modulation based on reconfigurable antennas. Two main contributions are provided. We introduce an analytical framework to compute the error probability, which is shown to be accurate and useful for system optimization. We design and implement the prototype of a reconfigurable antenna that is specifically designed for application to spatial modulation and that provides multiple radiation patterns that are used to encode the information bits. By using the measured antenna radiation patterns, we show that spatial modulation based on reconfigurable antennas works in practice and that its performance can be optimized by appropriately selecting the radiation patterns to use for a given data rate.

关键词： spatial modulation Reconfigurable antennas Antenna prototype Error probability

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spatial modulation With Energy Detection: Diversity Analysis and Experimental Evaluation

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GREEN COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GREEN COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING 2024年第1期8卷 35-49页

作者： Faddoul, Elio Kraidy, Ghassan M. Psomas, Constantinos Chatzinotas, Symeon Krikidis, Ioannis Univ Cyprus IRIDA Res Ctr Commun Technol Dept Elect & Comp Engn CY-1678 Nicosia Cyprus Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol Dept Elect Syst N-2815 Gjovik Norway Univ Luxembourg Interdisciplinary Ctr Secur Reliabil & Trust L-1855 Esch Sur Alzette Luxembourg

In this paper, we present a non-coherent energy detection scheme for spatial modulation (SM) systems. In particular, the use of SM is motivated by its low-complexity implementation in comparison to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, achieved through the activation of a single antenna during transmission. Moreover, energy detection-based communications restrict the channel state information to the magnitude of the fading gains. This consideration makes the design applicable for low-cost low-powered devices since phase estimation and its associated circuitry are avoided. We derive an energy detection metric for a multi-antenna receiver based on the maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion. By considering a biased pulse amplitude modulation, we develop an analytical framework for the SM symbol error rate at high signal-to-noise ratios. Numerical results show that the diversity order is proportional to half the number of receive antennas;this result stems from having partial receiver channel knowledge. In addition, we compare the performance of the proposed scheme with that of the coherent ML receiver and show that the SM energy detector outperforms its coherent counterpart in certain scenarios, particularly when utilizing non-negative constellations. Ultimately, we implement an SM testbed using software-defined radio devices and provide experimental error rate measurements that validate our theoretical contribution.

关键词： spatial modulation energy detection biased pulse-amplitude modulation diversity software-defined radio experimental results

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