A significant quantity of sensor data has been used recently to construct a variety of Internet of Things (IoT)-based methods as well as applications. They have been extensively employed in urban sustainable developme...
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We present a new detection method for color-based object detection, which can improve the performance of learning procedures in terms of speed, accuracy, and efficiency, using spatial inference, and algorithm. We appl...
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We present a new detection method for color-based object detection, which can improve the performance of learning procedures in terms of speed, accuracy, and efficiency, using spatial inference, and algorithm. We applied the model to human skin detection from an image;however, the method can also work for other machine learning tasks involving image pixels. We propose (1) an improved RGB/HSL human skin color threshold to tackle darker human skin color detection problem. (2), we also present a new rule-based fast algorithm (packed k-dimensional tree --- PKT) that depends on an improved spatial structure for human skin/face detection from colored 2D images. We also implemented a novel packed quad-tree (PQT) to speed up the quad-tree performance in terms of indexing. We compared the proposed system to traditional pixel-by-pixel (PBP)/pixel-wise (PW) operation, and quadtree based procedures. The results show that our proposed spatial structure performs better (with a very low false hit rate, very high precision, and accuracy rate) than most state-of-the-art models.
There is growing recognition of the importance of preserving Canada’s forests. Canada’s 348 million hectares of forest land cover 35% of its land area, representing 9% of the world’s forests and 24% of the world’s...
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There is growing recognition of the importance of preserving Canada’s forests. Canada’s 348 million hectares of forest land cover 35% of its land area, representing 9% of the world’s forests and 24% of the world’s boreal forests. As a renewable resource, forests offer significant environmental, economic and recreational benefits and innumerable services contributing to the quality of life. Canada has recently entered an era of increased frequency and severity of natural disasters. Ecosystems and communities especially in western Canada have recently undergone a trend of increasing pressures from natural disturbances. These disturbances include wildfires associated with increased fuel load levels from past fire suppression regimes and a widely spread infestation of the mountain pine beetle in addition to changes in weather patterns. Wildfire activity has reached extreme levels in many of the recent years. This thesis profiles an area of western Canada within the Montane Cordillera covering the Nechako Lakes Electoral District in central British Columbia and assesses its vulnerability to the specific hazard of wildfires caused by natural and man-made sources. The objectives of this research are to review, simulate and assess the impact of various fuel management strategies in a sub-section of the Nechako Lakes Electoral District called the Southside. Values at risk include private property and old growth forest in respectively timber supply areas, provincial parks, woodlots and community forests. Simulation results show that firebreaks are effective in significantly reducing the area burned in different parts of the landscape. The performance of different strategies shows large variation. Although this has not been investigated further, such variation has likely been caused by topographic aspects and the positioning of firebreaks in the landscape in relation to climatic parameters. These results can therefore not be extrapolated beyond the simulated area, but do give
National mapping agencies maintain topographic data sets at different scales. Keeping the data sets consistent, for example by means of automated update propagation, requires formal knowledge on how the different data...
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National mapping agencies maintain topographic data sets at different scales. Keeping the data sets consistent, for example by means of automated update propagation, requires formal knowledge on how the different data sets relate to each other. This article presents a multi-scale information model that, first, integrates the data states at the different scales and, second, formalises semantics on scale transitions. This is expressed using the Unified modelling Language (UML) class diagrams, complemented with Object Constraint Language (OCL). Based on a requirement analysis using the needs of the Netherlands' Kadaster as case study, this article examines several modelling alternatives and selects the optimal modelling approach for a multi-scale information model for topography. The model is evaluated through a prototype database implementation. The results show that UML/OCL provides an appropriate formalism to model rich semantics on both multi-scale data content and scale transitions, which can be used for guarding consistency based on automated generalisation of updates. Further research is required to express generalisation specifications that are currently not formalised and that are only available in software code or as cartographers' knowledge.
spatial planning is important not only from the view of development of settlements and urbanised territories. It is necessary to integrate spatial planning activities in the total process of sustainable growth and lan...
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spatial planning is important not only from the view of development of settlements and urbanised territories. It is necessary to integrate spatial planning activities in the total process of sustainable growth and landscape management. spatial planning data represents an example of a part of SDI (spatialdata Infrastructure). The current world and public need to share, combine, search, distribute and publish spatialdata connected with spatial planning. Such data plays an important role in every time. This paper describes the current results of four large European projects related to spatial planning - Humboldt, BRISEIDE (BRIdging SErvices, Information and data for Europe), Plan4all (European Network of Best Practices for Interoperability of spatial Planning Information) and SDI-EDU (SDI-EDU for Regional and Urban Planning). These projects are focused on the design of models of spatialdata suitable for spatial planning, the transformation and mapping of models, application of web services, education and training of above-mentioned activities. The projects are centred around and compliant with INSPIRE (Infrastructure for spatial Information in the European Community) and the European spatialdata Infrastructure (ESDI). This paper shows a summary of actual knowledge gained from these projects including relation of different types of spatialdata description, spatialdata harmonization and application of web services. Also the interconnections between these projects are mentioned.
Vagueness is often present in spatial phenomena. Representing and analysing vague spatial phenomena requires vague objects and operators, whereas current GIS and spatialdatabases can only handle crisp objects. This p...
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Vagueness is often present in spatial phenomena. Representing and analysing vague spatial phenomena requires vague objects and operators, whereas current GIS and spatialdatabases can only handle crisp objects. This paper provides mathematical definitions for vague object types and operators. The object types that we propose are a set of simple types, a set of general types, and vague partitions. The simple types represent identifiable objects of a simple structure, i.e. not divisible into components. They are vague points, vague lines, and vague regions. The general types represent classes of simple type objects. They are vague multipoint, vague multiline, and vague multiregion. General types assure closure under set operators. Simple and general types are defined as fuzzy sets in R-2 satisfying specific properties that are expressed in terms of topological notions. These properties assure that set membership values change mostly gradually, allowing stepwise jumps. The type vague partition is a collection of vague multiregions that might intersect each other only at their transition boundaries. It allows for a soft classification of space. All types allow for both a finite and an infinite number of transition levels. They include crisp objects as special cases. We consider a standard set of operators on crisp objects and define them for vague objects. We provide definitions for operators returning spatial types. They are regularized fuzzy set operators: union, intersection, and difference;two operators from topology: boundary and frontier;and two operators on vague partitions: overlay and fusion. Other spatial operators, topological predicates and metric operators, are introduced giving their intuition and example definitions. All these operators include crisp operators as special cases. Types and operators provided in this paper form a model for a spatialdata system that can handle vague information. The paper is illustrated with an application of vague objects i
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