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sub-array-Based Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO Channel Estimation

IEEE WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS 2023年第9期12卷 1608-1612页

作者： Zhu, Xuan Liu, Yang Wang, Cheng-Xiang Jiangnan Univ Sch Internet Things Engn Wuxi 214122 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Shanghai Inst Microsyst & Informat Technol Key Lab Wireless Sensor Network & Commun Shanghai 200050 Peoples R China Southeast Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Natl Mobile Commun Res Lab Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China Pervas Commun Res Ctr Purple Mt Labs Nanjing 211111 Peoples R China

Combination of millimeter wave (mmWave) and massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) forms a promising technology for future sixth generation networks. As the number of antennas increases, propagation channel starts yielding spherical wavefronts, for which the traditional channel estimation algorithms are no longer applicable. To overcome this technical gap, a novel MIMO channel estimation scheme based on the assumption of spherical wavefront is proposed in this letter. The large antenna array is first divided into several sub-arrays, and then the channel estimation is performed for each sub-array based on the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm. In addition, the joint estimation of angle of arrivals and departures (AoAs and AoDs) of each uniform planar sub-array is transformed into separate estimation by dimensionality reduction. Next, an iterative estimation is performed using Taylor expansion to continuously approximate the real grid points to recover the AoAs/AoDs. Lastly, the superiority of the proposed algorithm is verified by numerical simulations, where the proposed algorithm exhibits the best NMSE performance, compared with the existing MIMO channel estimation methods.

关键词： Massive MIMO channel estimation sub-array spherical wave off-grid error

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D-Band Scalable Phased array Antenna-in-Package Using Stripline Power Divider-Based sub-array

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IEEE ACCESS 2024年 12卷 185618-185629页

作者： Kim, Hyunjin Oh, Jungsuek Seoul Natl Univ Inst New Media & Commun INMC Dept Elect & Comp Engn Seoul 08826 South Korea

This article presents an overview and recent design for the sub-array antenna-in-package (AiP) structures of scalable phased array for D-band applications. The primary focus is on the benefits and challenges associated with the design of scalable phased arrays at D-band frequencies. Following this, a sub-array structure of stripline power divider (PD)-based AiP is proposed. Initially, an analysis of a dual-polarized antenna element is conducted, employing characteristic modes and equivalent circuits. subsequently, two distinct PDs are developed to match the antenna elements for sub-array setups. These configurations achieved notable results, including a 42.8% impedance bandwidth, port-to-port isolation exceeding 15 dB, and a 3 dB gain bandwidth exceeding 43%. Furthermore, a 4 4 antenna array is designed that attained notable specifications, such as a maximum gain of 16.7 dBi, a radiation efficiency of 80.7%, and a cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) of over 20 dB at 140 GHz. To validate these accomplishments, a measurement setup was established that could be vertically mounted incorporating bulky frequency extension units and waveguides. This setup successfully confirmed the extensive bandwidths and radiation patterns of the 4x4 antenna array.

关键词： Phased arrays Radiofrequency integrated circuits Antennas Bandwidth Stripline Microstrip Dielectric resonator antennas Aperture antennas 6G mobile communication substrates 6G D-band multilayer PCB antenna-in-package sub-array

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Analysis of Performance and Radiation Regulation Compliance for a Small sub-array Based Ka Band Antenna

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年 5卷 1756-1765页

作者： Adithyababu, Aparna P. T. Caizzone, Stefano Rodriguez-Osorio, Ramon Martinez German Aerosp Ctr DLR Inst Commun & Nav D-82234 Wessling Germany Univ Politecn Madrid UPM Madrid 28040 Spain Tech Univ Munich Dept Elect Engn D-80333 Munich Germany Univ Politecn Madrid UPM Informat Proc & Telecommun Ctr IPTC Madrid Spain

The integration of non-terrestrial networks (NTN) and terrestrial networks, driven by the developments in 5G, 5G-advanced, and 6G, have resulted in an abundance of new and unique application scenarios for exploiting existing and upcoming satellite networks. With an increasing number of available satellites, there is a growing demand for user terminals to support NTN services, particularly for earth stations on mobile platforms (ESOMP). In order to allow usability of these user terminals on ESOMPs, low cost, small, and power-efficient antennas need to be developed. Moreover, regulatory issues must be taken into account, in order for the new terminals to be capable to interoperate and not interfere with existing systems. This paper investigates the radiation performance of small Ka band satcom antennas as well as their compliance with current European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) radiation regulations.

关键词： Antennas Phased arrays Throughput Regulation Aperture antennas Satellites Gain Costs Antenna radiation patterns 5G mobile communication array synthesis ETSI Ka band NTN radiation regulations sub-array user terminals

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Multi-Layer sub-array Overlapping 17

Multi-Layer Sub-Array Overlapping

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17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)

作者： Sheikh, Shahin Kishk, Ahmed Concordia Univ Dept Elect Engn Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9788831299077

Contiguous sub-array overlapping is investigated for multilayer sub-arrays. The structures are implemented in multiple layers to realize complex sub-array overlapping with a smaller number of crossovers. It is shown that complex sub-array schemes, which might be impossible to realize in one layer, can be implemented in several layers with less complication. The computed results of array factors and Full-wave simulation results are presented. The Full-wave results are acceptably compatible with design computations.

关键词： sub-array overlapping beamforming hybrid beamforming

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Antenna isolation method using sub-array structure with soft-surface for Tx/Rx separated FDD hybrid beamforming system

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 2021年第5期35卷 620-633页

作者： Kim, Young-Dam Joo, Taehwan Hwang, Chan-Ho Kim, Kichul Jung, Jae-Soo Agcy Def Dev Add Dept Daejeon South Korea

The FDD method is normally used for the stability of the Tx and the Rx links in a fast-varying channel. It is required to physically separate the Tx and Rx arrays for independent Tx and Rx beam control. In this system, it is important to reduce the Tx self-interference (SI) that causes the problem of active element saturation and ADC dynamic range in the Rx beamformer. To suppress Tx SI, we proposed two simple techniques. The first is the general soft-surface which attenuates the surface current flow from the Tx tile array to the Rx array. The second is the sub-array structure of the Rx hybrid beamforming system. Based on the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality, the electrical sum by the sub-array acts as a destructive interference of the complex SI signals, and it can be shown as an additional isolation effect. The proposed idea was validated through measurement.

关键词： Word antenna isolation self-interference (SI) sub-array soft-surface

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Power Saving Design of Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-A sub-array Architecture

Power Saving Design of Active Reconfigurable Intelligent Sur...

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IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)

作者： Zhu, Yanze Liu, Yang Li, Ming Wu, Qingqing Shi, Qingjiang Dalian Univ Technol Sch Informat & Commun Engn Dalian Peoples R China Univ Macau Dept Elect & Comp Engn Zhuhai Peoples R China Tongji Univ Sch Software Engn Shanghai Peoples R China Shenzhen Res Inst Big Data Shenzhen Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665435406

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is envisioned as a promising technology to enhance future wireless communication systems. Very recently, a novel active RIS architecture has been proposed via introducing amplifiers into the reflecting elements. Although these embedded amplifiers can effectively extend the RIS coverage, they also bring non-negligible energy expenditure. To overcome this drawback, this paper proposes a novel sub-array based structure, which divides the entire RIS array into multiple sub-arrays with each being flexibly turned on/off. We aim to minimize the power consumption of the whole system via jointly activating sub-arrays and designing beamforming, which is highly challenging due to its combinatorial nature. Via inducing the group sparsity and leveraging the majorization-minimization (MM) approach, we develop an efficient solution to resolve this challenge. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed sub-array structure can significantly reduce the power consumption compared to the conventional "all-on" scheme.

关键词： Active reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) activation sub-array

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sub-array Clustering for Reconfigurable Reflectarrays with a Reduced Control Complexity 13

Sub-Array Clustering for Reconfigurable Reflectarrays with a...

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13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP)

作者： Capozzoli, Amedeo Curcio, Claudio DElia, Giuseppe Liseno, Angelo Univ Napoli Federico II Dipartimento Ingn Elettr & Tecnol Informaz Via Claudio 21 I-80125 Naples Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9788890701887

A method for the synthesis of reconfigurable reflectarray antennas with sub-array clustering is here presented. The approach is made up by two stages: an aperture synthesis devoted to the determination of the optimal clustering, common to all the beam configurations, and a reflectarray synthesis wherein the reflecting element belonging to the same cluster are driven with the same command phase.

关键词： reflectarray synthesis sub-array

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Auto-focus pathology microscope using sub-array sampling

Auto-focus pathology microscope using sub-array sampling

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IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC)

作者： Wu, Po-Hsun Weng, Chun-Jen Chen, Pi-Ying Natl Appl Res Labs Instrument Technol Res Ctr Taipei Taiwan Natl Chiao Tung Univ Dept Mech Engn Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538634608

this study compared the focusing results of binning and sub-array methods with the aim of balancing speed and accuracy. Analysis was conducted using an autofocus system comprising a microscope, CCD, PZT actuator, LED light source, and two focus algorithms. Our results showed that by selecting an image sub-array of appropriate size and shape, it was possible to reduce the time required for autofocus operations to only 1 second, while maintaining the focusing accuracy of full-field analysis techniques.

关键词： auto-focus microscope pathology sub-array PZT actuators

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High gain substrate integrated waveguide beam scanning antenna with sub-array elements

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RF AND MICROWAVE COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING 2019年第9期29卷 e21816-e21816页

作者： Yang, Zhang-Biao Guan, Dong-Fang Liu, Li Xu, Shen-Da Huang, Xianjun Yong, Shao-Wei Natl Univ Def Technol Coll Elect Sci & Technol Changsha 410073 Hunan Peoples R China

A method to enhance the gain of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) beam scanning antenna is proposed in this article. 2 x 2 SIW cavity-backed sub-arrays are employed in array design. The antenna is constructed on two layers. The top layer places four SIW cavity-backed sub-arrays as radiating elements and the bottom layer is an SIW transmission line to feed the sub-arrays. Beam scanning feature can be obtained due to the frequency dispersion. Moreover, through separating radiators to the other layer and using 2 x 2 SIW cavity-backed sub-arrays as radiating parts, the antenna gain is improved significantly. For a linear array, 4.1 to 6.8 dB gain enhancement is achieved compared to a conventional SIW beam scanning antenna with the same length. Then, the linear array is expanded to form a planar array for further gain improvement. A 64-element planar beam scanning array is designed, fabricated, and tested. Experimental results show that the proposed planar array has a bandwidth from 18.5 GHz to 21. 5 GHz with beam scanning angle from -5 degrees to 11.5 degrees and gain in the range of 20.5 to 21.8 dBi. The proposed high gain beam scanning antennas have potential applications in radar detection and imaging.

关键词： antenna array beam scanning high gain sub-array substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)

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sub-array Design of a Cavity-Loaded E-Band Partially-Corporate Fed Waveguide Slot array

Sub-array Design of a Cavity-Loaded E-Band Partially-Corpora...

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IEEE-Antennas-and-Propagation-Society International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation / USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting

作者： Hu, Congda Zhang, Miao Hirokawa, Jiro Liu, Qing Huo Xiamen Univ Inst Electromagnet & Acoust Xiamen 361005 Fujian Peoples R China Xiamen Univ Dept Elect Sci Xiamen 361005 Fujian Peoples R China Tokyo Inst Technol Dept Elect & Elect Engn Tokyo 1528552 Japan Duke Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn Durham NC 27708 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781538671023

A 16x16-element partially-corporate fed waveguide slot array with 4x4 sub-arrays has been developed in the E-band with a bandwidth of about 9%. Wideband design of the 4x4-element sub-array is under development for covering the frequency band of 71-86 GHz. To further enhance the bandwidth, we introduced the air-cavities on the top of radiating waveguides, and applied over-loading technique to redesign the standing-wave fed sub-arrays. Finally, the bandwidth for reflection less than -15 dB is enhanced to 18%.

关键词： waveguide slot array partially-corporate feed sub-array standing-wave excitation over-loading

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