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Classification-Aided Multitarget Tracking Using the sum-product algorithm

IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING LETTERS 2020年 27卷 1710-1714页

作者： Gaglione, Domenico Soldi, Giovanni Braca, Paolo De Magistris, Giovanni Meyer, Florian Hlawatsch, Franz NATO Ctr Maritime Res & Expt CMRE Res Dept I-19126 La Spezia Italy Univ Calif San Diego Scripps Inst Oceanog La Jolla CA 92093 USA Univ Calif San Diego Elect & Comp Engn Dept La Jolla CA 92093 USA TUWien Inst Telecommun A-1040 Vienna Austria

Multitarget tracking (MTT) is a challenging task that aims at estimating the number of targets and their states from measurements provided by one or multiple sensors. Additional information, such as imperfect estimates of target classes provided by a classifier, can facilitate the target-measurement association and thus improve MTT performance. In this letter, we describe how a recently proposed MTT framework based on the sum-product algorithm can be extended to efficiently exploit class information. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by simulation results.

关键词： Sensors Probability density function Target tracking Manganese sum product algorithm Indexes Sea measurements Classification factor graph multitarget tracking probabilistic data association sum-product algorithm

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UNDERWATER TRACKING BASED ON THE sum-product algorithm ENHANCED BY A NEURAL NETWORK DETECTIONS CLASSIFIER

UNDERWATER TRACKING BASED ON THE SUM-PRODUCT ALGORITHM ENHAN...

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IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Soldi, Giovanni Gaglione, Domenico De Magistris, Giovanni Braca, Paolo Stinco, Pietro Ferri, Gabriele Tesei, Alessandra Le Page, Kevin NATO STO CMRE La Spezia Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9781509066315

The necessity of long-range underwater surveillance has strongly increased in the last decades, and low-frequency active sonar (LFAS) systems seem to fulfill this need. However, in littoral environments with shallow water LFAS may suffer from an elevate number of false alarms. In this context, the capability to distinguish between object-generated and clutter-generated detections is crucial. This paper describes a multiobject tracking framework based on the sum-product algorithm that exploits the information provided by a convolutional neural network that classifies the LFAS detections. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated both in a simulated and in a real underwater scenario.

关键词： Multiobject tracking neural network sum-product algorithm low-frequency active sonar

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An improved implementation of sum-product algorithm for LDPC decoder

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IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS 2019年第4期16卷 1-8页

作者： Wang, Zhou Wu, Bin Ye, Tianchun Chinese Acad Sci Inst Microelect Beijing Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing Peoples R China

An improved decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is presented. By taking advantages of the first-term Taylor's series multiple expansion to approximate the correction term of the Jacobian logarithm used in LLR-SPA (log-likelihood ratio sum-product algorithm), we propose an algorithm which significantly simplifies the check node update computation of the optimal LLR-SPA. Besides, the parameter delta is introduced to determine suitable expansion points. The simulation result shows that the proposed method with ten expansion points when delta is set to 0.01 has almost identical performance compared with ideal SPA algorithm and outperforms both the min-sum algorithm (MS), the offset min-sum algorithm (OMS) and the normalised min-sum algorithm (NMS). The architecture of proposed method is also presented for implementation, which has reduced computational complexity and is feasible for hardware implementation.

关键词： LDPC decoder sum-product algorithm Taylor series

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HETEROGENEOUS INFORMATION FUSION FOR MULTITARGET TRACKING USING THE sum-product algorithm 44

HETEROGENEOUS INFORMATION FUSION FOR MULTITARGET TRACKING US...

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44th IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Soldi, Giovanni Gaglione, Domenico Meyer, Florian Hlawatsch, Franz Braca, Paolo Farina, Alfonso Win, Moe Z. NATO STO CMRE La Spezia Italy MIT Lab Informat & Decis Syst 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA TU Wien Inst Telecommun Vienna Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781479981311

The sum-product algorithm (SPA) was recently shown to provide a scalable methodology for multitarget tracking (MTT) using multiple sensors. Here, we focus on another advantage of the SPA framework, namely, its capacity for Bayesian fusion of heterogeneous data sources and auxiliary information. We develop extensions of the SPA-based multisensor MTT algorithm that integrate data from an auxiliary surveillance system and geographic information about standard target routes. The effectiveness of our approach is demonstrated for a simulated scenario and for a real maritime scenario.

关键词： Multitarget tracking factor graph sum-product algorithm probabilistic data association information fusion

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Reduced Complexity sum-product algorithm for Decoding Nonlinear Network Codes and In-Network Function Computation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 2016年第10期64卷 4070-4082页

作者： Gupta, Anindya Rajan, B. Sundar Indian Inst Sci Dept Elect Commun Engn Bengaluru 560012 India

While the capacity, feasibility, and methods to obtain codes for network coding problems are well studied, the decoding procedure and complexity have not garnered much attention. In this paper, we pose the decoding problem at a sink node in a network as a marginalize product function (MPF) problem over the Boolean semiring and use the sum product (SP) algorithm on a suitably constructed factor graph to perform iterative decoding. The number of operations required to perform SP decoding is reduced using traceback. The number of operations required to perform SP decoding with and without traceback is obtained. For nonlinear network codes, we define fast decodability of a network code at sinks demanding all the messages and identify a sufficient condition for the same. Next, we consider the network function computation problem wherein the sink nodes demand a function of the messages. We present an MPF formulation for function computation at the sink nodes and use the SP algorithm to obtain the value of the demanded function. Though the proposed method can be used for decoding both linear and nonlinear network codes, it is advantageous only for the case of nonlinear network codes.

关键词： Decoding in-network function computation network coding sum-product algorithm traceback

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Reduced Complexity sum-product algorithm for Decoding Nonlinear Network Codes and In-Network Function Computation

Reduced Complexity Sum-Product Algorithm for Decoding Nonlin...

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IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)

作者： Gupta, Anindya Rajan, B. Sundar Indian Inst Sci Dept Elect Commun Engn Bengaluru 560012 India

关键词： Decoding in-network function computation network coding sum-product algorithm traceback

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Performance Enhancement of V2V Communication by QC-LDPC Code and NOMA-UM-MIMO Techniques

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 34449-34466页

作者： Abdullah, Maryam Mohammed F. Alluhaibi, Osama Yilmaz, Asim Egemen Kalaycioglu, Aykut Ankara Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn TR-06830 Ankara Turkiye Kirkuk Univ Dept Elect Engn Kirkuk 36013 Iraq

This study addresses the critical challenges in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications, particularly the issues of high mobility, dynamic channel conditions, and interference that adversely affect Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and overall system capacity. We propose an innovative integration of NOMA with a specific form of Quasi Cyclic-Low Density Parity Check (QC-LDPC) coding to enhance communication reliability and efficiency in vehicular environments, ensuring effective system operation even without clustering. Analytical and numerical simulations based on the NOMA-MIMO system are conducted to derive BER formulas for both near $\text {(}{Bob}_{1})$ and far $\text {(}{Bob}_{2})$ users. The effectiveness of Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) techniques in mitigating interference in vehicular environments is also explored. Additionally, mathematical formulations for outage probability in NOMA-MIMO systems indicate that outage probability decreases with increased transmit power as users get closer to the base station. Our research demonstrates that QC-LDPC codes without $Girth_{4}$ cycles significantly enhance error correction capabilities and achieve higher spectral efficiency over Rician fading channels. OFDMA-LDPC and SM-NOMA (Spatial Multiplexing-Non Orthogonal Multiple Access) based vehicular communication systems are also compared, emphasizing the impact of $2\times 2$ and $4\times 4$ MIMO configurations on BER and capacity. The results highlight NOMA's superiority and the simplified structure of QC-LDPC, resulting in enhanced system performance in dynamic vehicular communication scenarios. Moreover, increasing the antennas at both ends leads to further performance improvements, with results achieved at a code rate 1/3 among the benchmarked schemes. The sum-product algorithm is often employed as a preferred decoding method in high-mobility scenarios due to its efficiency and simplicity, which enhance communication reliability and system capacity. Th

关键词： Parity check codes Codes NOMA Encoding Reliability Probability Power system reliability Communication systems System performance Signal to noise ratio V2V communication NOMA-MIMO QC-LDPC coding without Girth(4) BER sum rate outage probability sum-product algorithm

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Multisensor Multiobject Tracking With Improved Sampling Efficiency

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2024年 72卷 2036-2053页

作者： Zhang, Wenyu Meyer, Florian Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA Univ Calif San Diego Scripps Inst Oceanog Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA

Passive monitoring of acoustic or radio sources has important applications in modern convenience, public safety, and surveillance. A key task in passive monitoring is multiobject tracking (MOT). This paper presents a Bayesian method for multisensor MOT for challenging tracking problems where the object states are high-dimensional, and the measurements follow a nonlinear model. Our method is developed in the framework of factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm (SPA) and implemented using random samples or "particles". The multimodal probability density functions provided by the SPA are effectively represented by a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). To perform the operations of the SPA with improved sample efficiency, we make use of particle flow (PFL). Here, particles are migrated towards regions of high likelihood based on the solution of a partial differential equation. This makes it possible to obtain good object detection and tracking performance even in challenging multisensor MOT scenarios with single sensor measurements that have a lower dimension than the object positions. We perform a numerical evaluation in a passive acoustic monitoring scenario where multiple sources are tracked in 3-D from 1-D time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements provided by pairs of hydrophones. Our numerical results, obtained by processing synthetic and real data, demonstrate favorable detection and estimation accuracy compared to state-of-the-art reference techniques.

关键词： Multiobject tracking particle flow factor graphs sum-product algorithm

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A Graph-Based algorithm for Robust Sequential Localization Exploiting Multipath for Obstructed-LOS-Bias Mitigation

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2024年第2期23卷 1068-1084页

作者： Venus, Alexander Leitinger, Erik Tertinek, Stefan Witrisal, Klaus Graz Univ Technol A-8010 Graz Austria Christian Doppler Lab Locat Aware Elect Syst A-8010 Graz Austria NXP Semicond A-8101 Gratkorn Austria

This paper presents a factor graph formulation and particle-based sum-product algorithm (SPA) for robust sequential localization in multipath-prone environments. The proposed algorithm jointly performs data association, sequential estimation of a mobile agent position, and adapts all relevant model parameters. We derive a novel non-uniform false alarm (FA) model that captures the delay and amplitude statistics of the multipath radio channel. This model enables the algorithm to indirectly exploit position-related information contained in the multipath components (MPCs) for the estimation of the agent position without using any prior information such as floorplan information or training data. Using simulated and real measurements in different channel conditions, we demonstrate that the algorithm can provide high-accuracy position estimates even in fully obstructed line-of-sight (OLOS) situations and show that the performance of our algorithm constantly attains the posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound (P-CRLB), facilitating the additional information contained in the presented FA model. The algorithm is shown to provide robust estimates in both, dense multipath channels as well as channels showing specular, resolved MPCs, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art radio-based localization methods.

关键词： Delays Location awareness Position measurement Adaptation models Particle measurements Mobile agents Atmospheric measurements Terms-Obstructed line-of-sight multipath sum-product algorithm probabilistic data association message passing belief propagation

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Cooperative-Based Augmentation System Using Bayesian Filtering

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY 2024年第7期73卷 10502-10515页

作者： Silva, Paulo R. P. Bruno, Marcelo G. S. Moraes, Alison O. Inst Tecnol Aeronaut BR-12228900 Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil Inst Aeronaut & Espaco BR-12228904 Sao Jose Dos Campos Brazil

We introduce in this paper a cooperative-based augmentation system for aircraft positioning. To that end, we derive a distributed estimation algorithm for cooperative localization over a network of aircraft that are partially connected by communication links and are also connected to ground-based anchor nodes. The proposed framework assumes that only a subset of the aircraft may have access to GPS measurements to perform local state estimation, and that the different aircraft exchange messages with neighboring nodes on the network to improve their own state estimates. Simulation results show that cooperation significantly reduces the average 3D root mean-square localization error when part of the aircraft are flying dead-reckoning and that the average vertical error cumulative distribution function remains below 4 meters for 95% of time when all aircraft have access to GPS measurements.

关键词： Global Positioning System Aircraft Position measurement sum product algorithm Location awareness Three-dimensional displays Peer-to-peer computing Cooperative positioning distributed Bayesian estimation factor graphs sum-product algorithm global navigation satellite system sequential Monte Carlo

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