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Smooth Transition of Multimode synchronous modulation for IPMSM Sensorless Drives in Rail-Transit Applications

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2021年第1期68卷 128-138页

作者： Zhang, Hang Liu, Weiguo Chen, Zhe Jiao, Ningfei Northwestern Polytech Univ Sch Automat Shaanxi Key Lab Small & Special Elect Machine & D Xian 710072 Peoples R China

In rail-transit application, the multimode synchronous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) strategy is widely used to achieve better control performance in middle- or high-speed region, which brings challenges to sensorless control that can enhance the system robustness. Within the synchronous modulation, a regular 21-pulse space vector PWM and a selective harmonic elimination PWM are selected to analysis the influence of PWM modes transition on an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) sensorless drives. When the carrier ratio is less than 10, as the transition occurs between different PWM modes, the amplitude and phase of low-order harmonics change obviously and affects the position estimation accuracy severely. Here, a fast central 60. transition method for three-phase pulses is designed, then the smooth transition can be achieved in half fundamental period and the estimated position fluctuation is eliminated. In addition, small changes in the fundamental-frequency results in frequent transition between different PWM modes, which deteriorates the sensorless control performance. A frequency hysteresis zone is set and the effect of load-disturbance is also considered. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed sensorless method is verified on a 3.7-kW IPMSM drive platform.

关键词： Interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) position estimation synchronous modulation sliding mode observer (SMO) smooth transition

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synchronous Single Vector modulation Strategy for Low-Carrier-Ratio High-Power Applications

Synchronous Single Vector Modulation Strategy for Low-Carrie...

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2023 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2023

作者： Zhang, Wenjing Yao, Wenxi Zhejiang University College of Electrical Engineering Hangzhou China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350316445

High power devices often need to operate in low carrier ratio conditions due to the limitation of non-ideal characteristics of power devices, which leads to serious harmonic problems. synchronous optimal pulse-width modulation (SOPWM) has theoretically optimal harmonic performance, but poor dynamic performance. In this paper, single vector modulation is proposed based on the pulse mode characteristics of SOPWM. To ensure the PWM symmetry and avoid the current overshoot, this paper applies the phase-locked loop of synchronous modulation to single-vector modulation. To achieve the smooth transition between different carrier ratio, this paper proposes a simple and general transition strategy. Simulation and experiment using a 380V 14krpm high speed permanent magnet synchronous motors (HSPMSM) verifies that synchronous single-vector modulation has the advantages of low current harmonic distortion, fast dynamic response and smooth transition. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： low carrier ratio single vector modulation SOPWM synchronous modulation

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synchronous SVM-Based Model Predictive Flux Control of Induction Motor Drives With Fast Phase Synchronization

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 2025年第5期40卷 6413-6422页

作者： Yang, Haitao Xu, Jiachen Ma, Shuo Zhang, Yongchang North China Univ Technol Inverter Technol Engn Res Ctr Beijing Beijing 100144 Peoples R China North China Elect Power Univ Sch Elect & Elect Engn Beijing 102206 Peoples R China

synchronous space vector modulation (SSVM) has been widely applied in motor drives operated with a low switching frequency. For SSVM based closed-loop control, the phase angle of voltage command updated at each control step should equal to the predefined sampling positions. The prior arts usually adopt proportional integral controller with a sampling period compensation to achieve current regulation and phase synchronization, which show slow dynamic responses. This article proposes an SSVM-based model predictive flux control (MPFC) for induction motor drives under low switching frequency. Unlike the prior methods, which implement phase synchronization and current regulation as two cascaded control loops, the proposed MPFC achieves torque tracking control and phase synchronization simultaneously. As a result, much smaller phase error and faster synchronization speed are obtained during transient processes when compared with the prior method. Simulation and experimental tests, along with a video demonstration, justify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： Vectors Stators Synchronization Pulse width modulation Switches Rotors Motor drives Harmonic analysis Control systems Switching frequency Induction motor drives low switching frequency model predictive control (MPC) synchronous modulation

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Enhanced Analytical Models Based on Switching Angles to Evaluate the Effects of Optimized Pulse Patterns on the Overall Electric Drive Train

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION 2025年第2期40卷 785-796页

作者： Hepp, Maximilian Saur, Michael Wondrak, Wolfgang Bakran, Mark-M. Mercedes Benz AG Power Elect Adv Dev Dept D-71059 Sindelfingen Germany Univ Bayreuth Ctr Energy Technol Dept Mechatron D-95447 Bayreuth Germany

Optimized pulse patterns (OPPs) can be used to improve overall drive train performance. Recently, they have been applied to minimize the current harmonics of salient permanent magnetic synchronous motors. Applying OPPs to the electrical drive train, may improve the efficiency, but may have a negative effect on the DC link capacitor or air gap torque ripple. In electric vehicle applications it is crucial to consider their effect on various parameters. Certain limits may be exceeded which restrict the use of OPPs at these operating points. Therefore, this article presents analytical models derived from switching angles in the context of synchronous modulation to directly evaluate the beneficial or detrimental effects associated with OPPs on the overall electric drive system. Since the model equations are based on switching angles, they are particularly suitable for pulse pattern optimization. Switching angles can be identified that minimize either current harmonics, switching losses, DC-ink voltage ripple, DC-link current stress, or the air-gap torque of the machine with respect to low frequency modulation. Measurements on a machine test bench are performed to validate the correctness of the presented models.

关键词： Switches Mathematical models Harmonic analysis Voltage Optimization Inverters Energy conversion Analytical models Torque measurement Switching loss Electric vehicles optimized pulse pattern (OPP) permanent magnet machines (PMSM) pulse width modulation (PWM) synchronous modulation variable speed drives

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An Oscillator-Less Photonic Ising Machine With Digital-Nonlinearity-Based Bifurcation and Its Simulated Application to a 1 Million-Node Fully Connected Max-Cut Problem

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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 2025年第12期43卷 5579-5600页

作者： Nakazawa, Masataka Hirooka, Toshihiko Tohoku Univ Int Res Inst Disaster Sci Sendai 9808577 Japan Tohoku Univ Res Inst Elect Commun Sendai 9808577 Japan

We propose a new high-capacity photonic Ising machine (PIM) that employs ultrafast coherent optical pulse propagation in a 50 km-long passive recirculating fiber loop and analyze its performance including a new bifurcation mechanism. Although analog optical phenomena (laser oscillation) such as those provided by a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO) and an opto-electric oscillator (OEO) have been used in conventional PIMs to generate a third-order polynomial bifurcation, in other words a Van der Pol type bifurcation with the rotating wave approximation, we newly adopted a passive recirculating fiber loop and digital feedback nonlinearity for the generation of a pitchfork-type bifurcation. The present PIM has no laser oscillation. The generation of the bifurcation can be very stably realized by introducing a digital nonlinearity, for example a tanh function, which enabled us to solve a max-cut problem of 100,000 nodes. We further describe the first result obtained for a 1 million node max-cut problem by employing the present PIM software in a high-performance computer (HPC).

关键词： Optical pulses Optical fibers Bifurcation Optical feedback Optical fiber amplifiers Oscillators Ultrafast optics Optical fiber dispersion Optical propagation High-speed optical techniques ising machine optical computer optical pulse transmission synchronous modulation

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Detailed Analysis of Optimized Pulse Patterns Interacting With Salient PMSMs Applying Different Symmetry Conditions

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年 5卷 1280-1296页

作者： Hepp, Maximilian Kaiser, Kim Saur, Michael Bakran, Mark-M. Mercedes Benz AG Power Elect Adv Dev Dept D-71059 Sindelfingen Germany Univ Bayreuth Ctr Energy Technol Dept Mechatron Bayreuth Germany

Efficiency and power density of electric vehicle drive systems are important metrics for their performance evaluation. To address these aspects, Optimized Pulse Patterns (OPPs) can be integrated into the modulation strategy. This research investigates the effects of OPPs on the current distortion of salient permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) applying different symmetry conditions. It places a particular emphasis on three-pulse switching within the overmodulation region. A mathematical model of salient PMSMs is used to demonstrate that the voltage phase angle significantly influences current harmonics. It is revealed that even with a low number of pulses, satisfactory sinusoidal currents can be achieved at high voltage phase angles, thereby reducing the inverter's switching efforts while preserving current waveform quality. Different waveforms such as quarter- and half-wave symmetry (QWS), unrestricted half-wave symmetry (HWS) and restricted HWS are compared, with an innovative approach proposed for unrestricted HWS. The benefits and drawbacks of these waveforms in application to salient PMSMs are investigated, with emphasis on the overmodulation region. It is noted that HWS shows benefits over QWS at medium-load operating points and when zero-vectors are in the waveforms. In contrast, no significant advantages of HWS over QWS could be identified in the overmodulation region. The research proposes a practical OPP implementation strategy that balances effort and efficiency based on this knowledge. Unlike previous studies that used random initial angles to explore solutions, this study methodically examines the solution space for HWS and QWS, selecting initial angles that enhance the chances of finding the global optimum.

关键词： Harmonic analysis modulation Switches Optimization Automotive engineering Voltage Microcontrollers Optimized pulse pattern permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) pulse width modulation synchronous modulation variable speed drives

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Reducing the DC-Link Voltage Ripple by Optimized Pulse Patterns to Increase the Power Density of Traction Inverters in Electric Vehicles

IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS

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IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS 2024年 5卷 1767-1781页

作者： Hepp, Maximilian Saur, Michael Bakran, Mark-M. Mercedes Benz AG Power Elect Adv Dev Dept D-71059 Sindelfingen Germany Univ Bayreuth Ctr Energy Technol Dept Mechatron Bayreuth Germany

The DC-link capacitor represents a critical component in electric vehicle traction inverters, given that it constitutes the largest single volume within a traction inverter. The DC-link capacitance must be selected carefully, to ensure that the voltage ripple remains within defined limits, as this has a direct impact on the design of other components connected to the high voltage bus. Typical approaches attempt to reduce the required DC-link capacitance by increasing the pulse width modulation (PWM) switching frequency. However, this leads to a compromise as higher switching frequencies can cause additional losses, potentially necessitating a larger area for costly silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductors. In this contribution, optimized pulse patterns (OPPs) are proposed as a solution to improve the DC-link voltage ripple, allowing a reduction in capacitor size and a significant decrease in switching frequency compared to the standard Space-Vector PWM. The paper outlines the mathematical methods for simulating and designing the DC-link regarding voltage ripple and current stress. It compares the simulations for Space-Vector PWM and OPPs, leading to the development of two distinct capacitor designs. The theoretical 20% reduction in the volume of the DC-link capacitor is confirmed through experimental validation on a 250 kW machine test bench setup.

关键词： Capacitor optimized pulse pattern pulse width modulation synchronous modulation variable speed drives Capacitor optimized pulse pattern pulse width modulation synchronous modulation variable speed drives

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Research and Improvement of Oscillation Problems Caused by Active Rectifier Circuits in EV-WPT Systems

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS 2023年第10期38卷 13231-13242页

作者： Li, Haoze Tan, Linlin Wang, Ruoyin Huang, Xueliang Southeast Univ Sch Elect Engn Nanjing 210096 Peoples R China

In the secondary side of the wireless power transfer system, the active rectifier helps increase efficiency and adjust output characteristics. However, there is a certain probability that oscillation problems will occur, especially in an LCC-LCC system. A closed loop that causes oscillations in the circuit is figured out. And with the established discrete system mode, the dynamic oscillation conditions are presented in a wide operating range. The theory and simulation show that the proposed improved control method based on the resonant filter breaks the original oscillation closed loop and effectively suppresses oscillations. Finally, the proposed method is applied in an experimental prototype, and the stable operating range of the improved prototype is significantly expanded.

关键词： Active rectifier current oscillation reflected current synchronous modulation wireless power transfer (WPT)

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How to synchronously slow down starch digestion and retrogradation: A structural analysis study

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES 2022年第0期212卷 43-53页

作者： Zeng, Xixi Zheng, Bo Li, Tianjie Chen, Ling South China Univ Technol Engn Res Ctr Starch & Vegetab Protien Minist Educ Sch Food Sci & Engn Guangdong Prov Key Lab Green Proc Nat Prod & Prod Guangzhou 510640 Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong Dept Phys Shatin NT Hong Kong Peoples R China

Digestibility and retrogradation properties of starch are important for the nutrition and quality of starch-based foods. In this study, a new idea on the synchronous delay the starch digestion and retrogradation was proposed, and the regulation mechanism was explored from perspectives of structural evolution using C-13 NMR, XRD and SAXS techniques as well as the molecular dynamics simulations. Results showed that the chestnut starch treated with hot extrusion and 8% catechins (HE-8% CA)## could reach highest anti-retrogradation rate (AR 76.63%) and lowest rapidly digestible starch content (RDS 64.55%) at day 24. The starch digestion was slowed down by increasing single/double helix, V-type crystallinity and compactness of aggregates, while retrogradation process was suppressed by inhibiting the packing of short-range ordered structure into long-range ordered structure. The hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces were the main driving force for the interactions between flavonoid polyphenols and starch molecules. Overall, this study is instructive for further investigations on the synchronous modulation of functional properties of starch.

关键词： synchronous modulation Starch retrogradation Starch digestion Hot extrusion Flavonoid polyphenols

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Realization of Reduced Common-Mode Voltage PWM Strategy Under Low Switching Frequency 2

Realization of Reduced Common-Mode Voltage PWM Strategy Unde...

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2nd IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Symposium, PEAS 2023

作者： Li, Zhihao Liu, Ruifang Zhang, Liangliang Li, Weili Cheng, Yuanhui School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China Jing-Jin Electric Technologies Co. Ltd Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350313765

The high frequency common-mode voltage generated by conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy may lead to bearing electrical corrosion and electro-magnetic interference problems. The reduced common-mode voltage (RCMV) PWM strategies can reduce the negative effect of common-mode voltage without increasing the cost of hardware. However, the existing RCMV-PWM methods are based on asynchronous modulation, which will cause unacceptable harmonic distortion when the carrier ratio is too low. This paper presents a hybrid RCMV-PWM strategy, which can suppress the common-mode voltage in wide speed range and ensure the symmetry of pulse waveform under the condition of low switching frequency. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： bearing voltage common mode voltage PWM synchronous modulation

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