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Fueling the fire? How government support drives technological progress and complexity

RESEARCH POLICY 2024年第6期53卷

作者： Nast, Carolin Broekel, Tom Entner, Doris Univ Stavanger Sch Business & Law Stavanger Norway V Res GmbH Ind Res & Dev Campus 5Stadtstr 33 A-6850 Dornbirn Austria

This study investigated two major trends shaping contemporary technological progress: the growing complexity of innovation and the increasing reliance on government support for private research and development (R&D). We analyzed United States patent data from 1981 to 2016 using structural vector autoregressions and uncovered an indirect interplay between these trends. Our findings showed that government incentives and support played a crucial role in spurring private-sector innovation. This government-fueled innovation, in turn, paved the way for advancements in more intricate and sophisticated technological areas. Our study sheds light on the dual role of the United States' innovation policy over the past four decades;the policy has not only accelerated technological advancement but also steered it toward increasingly complex domains. While this trend presents opportunities for economic growth and technological breakthroughs, it also poses challenges, including the potential for further escalating R&D costs. This research has significant implications for policymakers and industry leaders, suggesting a need for a balanced approach to fostering innovation while considering the long-term economic and technological landscape.

关键词： Innovation Patents technological complexity Government R & D

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Organising for innovation: alliance-to-acquisition transitions and patent production

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JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 2025年 1-30页

作者： Mccarthy, Killian Aalbers, Rick Kearney, Claudine Raboud & Kyiv Sch Econ Mykoly Shpaka St 3 UA-02000 Kiev Ukraine Radboud Univ Nijmegen Inst Management Res Heyendaalseweg 141 NL-6525AJ Nijmegen Netherlands Grad Sch Healthcare Management GSM Dublin Ireland

Innovating in the pharmaceutical industry requires firms to use strategic alliances and acquisitions to build complex interorganizational relationships. While the impact of these strategies is well-documented, less is known about the implications of 'transitioning' from alliances to acquisitions-that is, acquiring one's alliance partners. Drawing on resource dependence theory and analysing data from 351 pharmaceutical firms-which collectively announced 1784 acquisitions and filed 65,523 patent applications over a 25-year period-we quantify the effects of transitions on the number of breakthrough and incremental patents produced. Our findings indicate that alliance-to-acquisition transitions enhance incremental innovation but do not significantly impact breakthrough innovation. However, we find that the 'type' of transition plays a critical role: acquiring a greater share of international alliance partners-introducing cultural complexity-reduces the number of incremental innovations produced compared to transitions with domestic partners. Similarly, acquiring a greater share of related partners-reducing the firm's technological complexity-limits the number of breakthrough innovations produced compared to acquiring unrelated partners. These findings provide new insights into how governance choices shape innovation outcomes in the pharmaceutical sector and offer practical guidance for managers seeking to optimize their innovation strategies through informed alliance and acquisition decisions.

关键词： Alliances Acquisitions Transitions Innovation Pharmaceutical industry technological complexity Cultural complexity Technology transfer Breakthrough innovation M16 F23 O32 O33 G34

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technological hierarchies and learning: Spillovers, complexity, relatedness, and the moderating role of absorptive capacity

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technological FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 2022年 183卷

作者： Chatzistamoulou, Nikos Kounetas, Kostas Tsekouras, Kostas Univ Patras Dept Econ Patras Greece Univ Ioannina Dept Econ Ioannina Greece Univ Patras Dept Econ Univ Campus Patras 26504 Greece

We develop a theoretical framework, which facilitates the investigation of spillover effects on productive performance under the lens of path dependence, technological relatedness, and complexity. We distinguish between hierarchical structured knowledge pools and allow for the moderation role of the absorptive capacity of the examined production entities. We employ a panel dataset from country specific industrial structures of thirteen manufacturing and transportation industries in seventeen EU countries during the pre-crisis 1999-2006 period. Path dependence proves to be ubiquitous and relatedness highly influential. Absorptive capacity frames different patterns related to technological complexity and sectoral idiosyncrasies.

关键词： Spillovers & learning technological complexity Relatedness & variety Absorptive capacity Hierarchical structure Metafrontier & heterogeneity

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Entry and Schumpeterian profits

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JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS 2010年第4期20卷 553-582页

作者： Auerswald, Philip E. George Mason Univ Sch Publ Policy Arlington VA 22201 USA Harvard Univ John F Kennedy Sch Govt Belfer Ctr Sci & Int Affairs Cambridge MA 02138 USA

A large empirical literature has documented differences in Schumpeterian profits, both among firms in single industries and between firms in different industries. Theorists have proposed various institutional and strategic factors to account for such differences but have had relatively little to say about the manner in which technology affects entry and profits. In this paper I present a model in which persistent intraindustry differences in firm profitability arise as the outcomes of learning and imitation, and interindustry differences in the persistence of above normal profits arise solely from production being more technologically complex in some industries than in others.

关键词： Schumpeterian profits technological complexity Industry evolution Fitness landscapes NIC model

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A novel approach to recognize interacting features for manufacturability evaluation of prismatic parts with orthogonal features

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2019年第1-4期105卷 343-373页

作者： Gupta, Manish Kumar Swain, Abinash Kumar Jain, Pramod Kumar Indian Inst Technol Dept Mech & Ind Engn Roorkee 247667 Uttar Pradesh India

This paper describes a computer-aided tool for the quantitative evaluation of manufacturability of prismatic machining parts. A feature recognition approach, which uses volume subtraction and syntactic pattern recognition techniques, is proposed to identify machining features on a prismatic part from B-Rep data extracted from 3D model in STEP AP203 format. The methodology presented is also capable of identifying features in variety cases of feature interactions. The manufacturability of a part is expressed in terms of relative manufacturability indices of its constituting features. The present work considers the geometrical aspects of the designed product along with manufacturing issues at a very early stage of design. Geometrical and technological complexities of the design are established using several parameters such as feature intricacy, tool access direction, feature face orientation, feature accessibility, approach direction depth, feature neighborhood, feature hierarchy, parent and child feature complexities, tolerances, surface finish, and tooling complexities which affect the manufacturability of a feature on the part directly or indirectly. The best worst method (BWM) is used to assign weights to manufacturability parameters to reflect their relative importance. A case study is presented to show the capability of the system to generate sound indices that could make designs easier to manufacture without compromising on the functional requirements.

关键词： Feature recognition Volume subtraction Face adjacency matrix Manufacturability Geometrical complexity technological complexity

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Technical environment matters: The effect of dynamic network capability on innovation based on a moderated mediation analysis

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TECHNOVATION 2024年 138卷

作者： Wang, Yan Yang, Naiding Sharif, Sayed Muhammad Fawad Zhang, Mingzhen Guo, Min Northwestern Polytech Univ Sch Management Xian Peoples R China Southeast Univ Sch Econ & Management Nanjing Peoples R China Xian Univ Posts & Telecommun Coll Econ & Management Xian Peoples R China

In the era of networked research and development, where the environment is continuously changing and evolving, complex product innovation requires the ongoing configuration of external partnerships. This necessity highlights the growing importance of dynamic network capability (DNC). However, the existing literature on how DNC influences innovation remains inadequate, which significantly hinders both the theoretical and practical development of DNC. Drawing on dynamic capabilities theory and social embeddedness theory, this paper investigates the effect of DNC on innovation, focusing on the mediating role of dynamic positioning and the moderating role of the technical environment. Based on data from a sample of 270 complex product firms across eight key cities in China, the results indicate that DNC is significantly and positively correlated with complex product innovation. Moreover, dynamic positioning, characterized by increased centrality (CI), acts as a mediator in this relationship. The technical environment plays a dual role in this context: externally (industry), technological turbulence (TT) amplifies the impact of DNC on CI, while internally (product), technological complexity (TC) diminishes this impact. Further moderated mediation analysis supports these findings, showing that TT enhances the mediating effect of CI on the relationship between DNC and innovation, whereas TC weakens this effect. Interestingly, TT and TC do not jointly moderate the above relationship. When both internal (product) and external (industry) technical environments are considered simultaneously, the moderating effect of external (industry) TT proves to be more significant.

关键词： Dynamic network capability Dynamic positioning Innovation performance technological turbulence technological complexity

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The evolution of combinatoriality and compositionality in hominid tool use: a comparative perspective

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY 2024年第3期45卷 589-634页

作者： Putt, Shelby S. J. Anwarzai, Zara Holden, Chloe Ruck, Lana Schoenemann, P. Thomas Illinois State Univ Dept Sociol & Anthropol Campus Box 4660Schroeder Hall 332 Normal IL 61790 USA Indiana Univ Dept Philosophy 1033 East Third St Bloomington IN 47405 USA Indiana Univ Cognit Sci Program 1900 East 10th St Bloomington IN 47406 USA Stone Age Inst 1392 West Dittemore Rd Gosport IN 47433 USA Indiana Univ Dept Anthropol 700 East Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA Ape Initiat 4200 SE Evergreen Ave Des Moines IA 50320 USA

A crucial design feature of language useful for determining when grammatical language evolved in the human lineage is our ability to combine meaningless units to form a new unit with meaning (combinatoriality) and to further combine these meaningful units into a larger unit with a novel meaning (compositionality). There is overlap between neural bases that underlie hierarchical cognitive functions required for compositionality in both linguistic and nonlinguistic contexts (e.g., tool use). Therefore, evidence of compositional tool use in the archaeological record should signify, at the very least, the cognitive capacity for grammatical language by that point in time. We devise a novel system to evaluate the level of hierarchical nesting of tool components in single tool use activities. In the application of this system, we demonstrate that nonhuman primates, and by extension, the last common ancestor shared by Pan and Homo, are capable of basic combinatoriality;however, their technology does not approach the compositionality observable in modern human tool use. The prehistoric archaeological record supports a continuous evolution of combinatorial tool use into compositional tool use, with evidence for human-like levels of by 0.93 million years ago (Ma), or possibly as early as 1.7 Ma. While compositional language could have lagged behind compositional tool use, if language and technology coevolved according to the technological Origin for Language hypothesis, which proposes a feedback system between the two, then evidence for hierarchical tool use structures implies a similar level of complexity in linguistic structures.

关键词： Hierarchical cognition Language evolution Tool behaviors technological complexity

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Climbing the ladder of technological development

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RESEARCH POLICY 2017年第5期46卷 956-969页

作者： Petralia, Sergio Balland, Pierre-Alexandre Morrison, Andrea Univ Utrecht Dept Human Geog & Planning Heidelberglaan 2 NL-3584 CS Utrecht Netherlands Lund Univ CIRCLE POB 1175-22110 Lund Sweden Bocconi Univ ICRIOS Via Sarfatti 32 I-2016 Milan Italy

Despite being the main thriving force behind economic growth and industrial development, technological innovation remains highly concentrated on a handful of countries. It is therefore of a great interest to know how countries accumulate and develop their innovative capabilities, what kind of obstacles they need to overcome, and whether it is possible to identify opportunities to develop new areas of technological specialization. In this paper we analyze countries' patterns of technological diversification and specialization along the development process. We provide evidence regarding the importance of existing technological capabilities and the relationship among technologies in shaping possible paths of technological development. We show that the likelihood of diversification is higher for those technologies that are related to countries' existing profile of competences. Moreover, we show this effect to be stronger at earlier stages of development. Additionally, we show that countries tend to follow clear patterns of specialization along the development path, by moving towards more complex and valuable technologies. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： technological change Innovation technological complexity technological relatedness technological diversification technological specialisation

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Reconsidering the link between past material culture and cognition in light of contemporary hunter-gatherer material use

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BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES 2024年 48卷 e1-e1页

作者： Stibbard-Hawkes, Duncan N. E. Univ Durham Dept Anthropol Durham England

Many have interpreted symbolic material culture in the deep past as evidencing the origins sophisticated, modern cognition. Scholars from across the behavioural and cognitive sciences, including linguists, psychologists, philosophers, neuroscientists, primatologists, archaeologists, and palaeoanthropologists have used such artefacts to assess the capacities of extinct human species, and to set benchmarks, milestones, or otherwise chart the course of human cognitive evolution. To better calibrate our expectations, the present paper instead explores the material culture of three contemporary African forager groups. Results show that, although these groups are unequivocally behaviourally modern, they would leave scant long-lasting evidence of symbolic behaviour. Artefact sets are typically small, perhaps as a consequence of residential mobility. When traded materials are excluded, few artefacts have components with moderate-to-strong taphonomic signatures. The present analyses show that artefact function influences preservation probability, such that utilitarian tools for the processing of materials and the preparation of food are disproportionately likely to contain archaeologically traceable components. There are substantial differences in material use among populations, which create important population-level variation in preservation probability, independent of cognitive differences. I discuss the factors - cultural, ecological, and practical - that influence material choice. In so doing, I highlight the difficulties of using past material culture as an evolutionary or cognitive yardstick.

关键词： hunter-gatherer material culture forager toolkits cognitive revolution behavioural modernity symbolic behaviour behavioural variability technological complexity

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Human-CPS Interaction - requirements and human-machine interaction methods for the Industry 4.0

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2016年第19期49卷 420-425页

作者： Wittenberg, Carsten Robotics & Automation Department Heilbronn University Max-Planck-Str. 39 HeilbronnD-74081 Germany

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and ideas from the internet of things leaded to the concept of the industry 4.0. The so-called Industry 4.0 implicates techniques like cloud-computing and self-organizing machines. The degree of technological complexity increases. Beside the technological innovation the use context and the tasks for the users will also be changed. In the design phase the engineers have to handle the increased complexity. In the operating phase the operators and also the service and maintenance technicians have to keep the production systems running. This paper discusses the effects of Industry 4.0 and shows the results of the research on mobile applications for supporting service and maintenance technicians under the influence of the CPS/Smart Factories/Industry 4.0. © 2016

关键词： Industry 4.0 Cyber Physical System Embedded systems Cyber Physical System (CPS) Human machine interaction Human centered designs Mobile applications Mobile systems technological complexity technological innovation User requirements

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