The operational environment of distribution substations directly affects the performance and reliability of electrical equipment. Components like transformers and switchgear generate heat during operation, and higher ...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9798350303896
The operational environment of distribution substations directly affects the performance and reliability of electrical equipment. Components like transformers and switchgear generate heat during operation, and higher temperatures can lead to equipment losses, aging, and potential failures. Effective humidity management is equally important, as excessive humidity can cause equipment corrosion, compromised insulation, and electrical faults. Precise control of temperature and humidity is vital for stable power system operation, prolonging equipment life, and ensuring electrical safety. While existing studies have addressed aspects of substation monitoring and protection, comprehensive research integrating environmental monitoring and control remains limited. This paper thus aims to extensively review recent developments and innovative applications in substation environmental control. By analyzing factors influencing substation performance, the paper establishes the significance of thermal models and layout effects. It then surveys traditional and Internet of Things (IoT)-based control methods, emphasizing their role in enhancing substation environmental control. The paper concludes with an analysis of IoT applications in substation control, serving as a foundational guide for intelligent and efficient substation management and operation. This paper comprehensively reviews recent developments in substation environmental control. It explores influential factors such as thermal models and layout effects, and surveys both traditional control methods and those utilizing IoT technology. IoT-based control methods, enabled by sensors and real-time data, offer enhanced automation and response speed. The paper also examines IoT applications in substation environmental control, including energy optimization, equipment health prediction, and remote monitoring. This review provides valuable insights for future research and applications, laying the groundwork for more intelligent an
Diabetes is becoming one of the most relevant medical problems in today's world. The insulin pen is a largely used medication to limit the effects of this disease. However, this tool must be reserved in good condi...
详细信息
ISBN:
(纸本)9781665414937
Diabetes is becoming one of the most relevant medical problems in today's world. The insulin pen is a largely used medication to limit the effects of this disease. However, this tool must be reserved in good conditions in order to maintain its efficiency. A very important parameter is the ambient temperature where the insulin pen is placed. The below system provides a solution to monitor and to control the temperature of the insulin pen. It consists of creating a portable medical box with two chambers where new and in-use pens are placed. Based on the temperature of these chambers, a control unit acts to heat up or to cool down the chamber temperature, therefore, the insulin pen reaches again the desirable temperature range. Concerning the applied tools, temperature and object detector sensors have been used to detect the presence of the insulin pen whereas a Peltier device was used to heat up/cool down the chamber temperature. Polystyrene was also implemented in the design of the chamber to create more isolation to the system. In order to increase electrical safety and system accuracy, some components' redundancy has been applied, mainly at the level of the processing unit and the temperature sensor. The system was tested for several hours while phone application notifications were registered when the chamber temperature was outside the acceptable range. Regarding the control process, tests have shown that the system works well and is very accurate.
High heat fluxes are exchanged in fusion machines (up to 50 MW m(-2)), thus producing elevated temperature and requiring thermal monitoring and control. The design of a temperature measurement system for the RFX exper...
详细信息
High heat fluxes are exchanged in fusion machines (up to 50 MW m(-2)), thus producing elevated temperature and requiring thermal monitoring and control. The design of a temperature measurement system for the RFX experiment is developed through three-dimensional nonlinear transient finite element simulations of the torus assembly under upgrade from "mod" to "mod2" with enhanced magnetic front-end, vacuum confinement barrier, and first wall. Analyses show how heat fluxes applied at the plasma-facing materials are transmitted, attenuated and delayed, through the machine parts. Results identify the passive stabilising shell as the instrumentable component closest to the plasma boundary able to follow the thermal behaviour by the detection of temperature variations at least of 10 degrees C during plasma pulses with a response time of about 200 s. Allowable temperature limits of materials are verified simulating a full experimental day with 24 plasma pulses, in particular at the shell supporting rings made of polyamide-imide and at the vessel spacers made of polyether-ether ketone-coated stainless steel. Simulations of the pulse discharge cleaning demonstrated the capability of the system to provide the required power for first wall conditioning (25 kW) and the need to realise a duty cycle (1-h on/3-h off) limiting the average heat flux and the maximum temperature (55 degrees C) at the vacuum vessel sealing elements in order to minimise differential thermal deformations. Proposed layouts of temperature sensors are able to detect the maximum temperatures expected during operation.
暂无评论