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Tactical Conflict Alerting Aid for Air Traffic controllers

JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 2009年第1期32卷 184-193页

作者： Paielli, Russell A. Erberger, Heinz Chiu, Danny Heere, Karen R. NASA Ames Res Ctr Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Univ Calif Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA Univ Affiliated Res Ctr Moffett Field CA 94035 USA

The Tactical Separation-Assisted Flight Environment (TSAFE) is designed to alert air traffic controllers to imminent conflicts (predicted loss of separation within approximately 3 minutes). It generates constant-velocity ("dead-reckoning") trajectory predictions similar to those generated by Conflict Alert, the legacy system that currently performs the tactical alerting function in the United States. Unlike Conflict Alert, however, it also generates predictions based on pilot intent as specified in the latest flight-plan route and assigned altitude. The intended route is not always known, however, because controllers sometimes neglect to enter route amendments into the host computer. Hence, both the constant-velocity predictions and the flight-plan-based predictions are checked for conflicts. To reduce false alerts, the time horizons of the two predicted routes are a function of the degree of conformance to the current flight-plan route. Alerting performance was tested using archived tracking data for 100 actual operational errors, and TSAFE was found to provide timely warnings significantly more consistently than Conflict Alert. When tested on a sample of general traffic data, TSAFE was found to produce substantially fewer false alerts than Conflict Alert.

关键词： Tactical Separation Assisted Flight Environment Current Flight Plan Pilot Dead Reckoning Reduced Vertical Separation Minima radar Tracking Federal Aviation Administration Base of Aircraft Data Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast terminal radar approach control

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Estimating departure queues to study runway efficiency

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JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 2002年第4期25卷 651-657页

作者： Atkins, SC NASA Ames Res Ctr Terminal Area Air Traff Management Res Branch Moffett Field CA 94035 USA

The ability to analyze the current efficiency of surface operations is limited by the lack of availability of surface surveillance data. To study surface and departure issues and identify opportunities for automation to improve traffic management, a method is presented for reconstructing the departure queues that existed at each runway from available information. Observations of the departure queues are of particular interest because they provide insight into the management of departures before takeoff. The method correlates pushback data and radar data to estimate the departure runway, the takeoff time, and the time at which the aircraft joins the departure queue, for every departure. By the calculation of the interval of time for which each aircraft is waiting at the runway, the departure queue at each runway can be reconstructed at every point in time. This method is used to study five days of data from Dallas/Fort Worth airport. Substantial departure queues and delays are observed, consistent with expectations for a hub airport. Moreover, knowledge of the departure queues provides insight into the efficiency with which the departure runways were used. The departure queues on the primary departure runways are shown to be well balanced at most times. However, during periods of time when departure demand was present at the runway, the interdeparture gaps exhibit significant variability. These delays between consecutive departures may indicate an opportunity for automation to increase throughput.

关键词： Closely Spaced Parallel Runways Surveillance radar Hub Airports Dallas Fort Worth Airport Airline Service Quality Performance terminal radar approach control Federal Aviation Administration Airport Surface Detection Equipment Airport Movement Area Safety System Department of Transportation

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Framework for High-Density-Area Departure and Arrival Traffic Management

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JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 2013年第4期36卷 1134-1149页

作者： Taylor, Christine Masek, Tudor Bateman, Hilton Mitre Corp Mclean VA 22101 USA

An operational concept is proposed to improve high-density-area departure and arrival traffic management that specifically accounts for complications arising in metroplex operations where multiple airports are located in close proximity. In the proposed concept, the roles and responsibilities are redistributed among the traffic management coordinators in different facilities, which include the air route traffic control center, terminal radar approach control, and the airport traffic control tower. The redistribution of roles and responsibilities facilitates improved decision-making capabilities, thereby increasing safe, efficient, and stable operation of departure and arrival traffic in the Next Generation Air Transportation System. This paper proposes a set of functions and capabilities needed to support the roles and responsibilities defined in the proposed concept. The decision support system framework defines three levels of decision making and incorporates an optimization methodology to assist decision makers at the different phases of the decision process. A detailed description of the decomposition and corresponding decision support system structure is presented, and a description of the optimization models is provided. An analysis is performed on a realistic traffic example to demonstrate the optimization model and illustrate the concept.

关键词： terminal radar approach control Aviation System Performance Metrics Decision Support System Next Generation Air Transportation System Airspace Management Estimated Time of Arrival Traffic Flow Management System Mathematical Models Linear Programming MATLAB

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Systematic Visualization Suite for En Route Air Traffic Flows and Flight Encounters

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JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2013年第2期10卷 87-97页

作者： Santiago, Confesor Rusu, Adrian Rusu, Amalia Fabian, Andrew J. FAA Atlantic City NJ 08405 USA Rowan Univ Dept Comp Sci Glassboro NJ 08028 USA Fairfield Univ Dept Software Engn Fairfield CT 06824 USA FAA William J Hughes Tech Ctr Atlantic City NJ 08405 USA

This paper describes a suite of visualization software developed over several years of research by Rowan University in collaboration with Fairfield University and in partnership with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) through a collaborative research development agreement. The visualization suite aids analysts in the evaluation of air traffic data: particularly, the accuracy of conflict probes within decision support tools (DSTs). Within this suite are two software applications developed in Java. The first visualization tool is called ScenarioGUI (scenario graphical user interface), and it is used to evaluate new advanced air traffic concepts within U. S. National Airspace System. The second visualization tool is called FlightGUI (flight graphical user interface), which helps the FAA visualize areas of interest during the testing and evaluation of new DSTs being deployed into the field. Two case studies of real-world examples are provided, showcasing the process of using these tools to discover insights into the data. The end product is a capability that helps the FAA determine appropriate requirements for such future systems, and an ability to purge test data in order to illustrate reasons for inaccuracies and errors through visualization that may otherwise go unnoticed through typical regression and statistical system testing.

关键词： En Route Automation Modernization Federal Aviation Administration Graphical User Interface Future Air Traffic Management Concepts Evaluation Tool Special Use Airspace Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Next Generation Air Transportation System terminal radar approach control Corridor Integrated Weather System NASA Ames Research Center

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Tactical Conflict Detection in terminal Airspace

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JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 2011年第2期34卷 403-413页

作者： Tang, Huabin Robinson, John E. Denery, Dallas G. NASA Ames Res Ctr Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Univ Calif Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA

Air traffic systems have long relied on automated short-term conflict prediction algorithms to warn controllers of impending conflicts (losses of separation). The complexity of terminal airspace has proven difficult for such systems, as it often leads to excessive false alerts. Thus, the legacy system, called Conflict Alert, which currently provides short-term alerts in both en route and terminal airspace, is often inhibited or desensitized in areas where frequent false alerts occur, even though the alerts are provided only when an aircraft is in dangerous proximity of other aircraft. This research investigates how a minimal level of flight-intent information may be used to improve short-term conflict detection in terminal airspace such that it can be used by the controller to maintain legal aircraft separation. The flight-intent information includes a site-specific nominal arrival route and inferred altitude clearances in addition to the flight plan that includes the area-navigation departure route. A new tactical conflict detection algorithm is proposed, which uses a single analytic trajectory, determined from the flight intent and the current state information of the aircraft, and includes a complex set of current, dynamic separation standards for terminal airspace. The new algorithm is compared with an algorithm that models a known en route algorithm and another algorithm that models Conflict Alert. This is done by analysis of false-alert rate and alert lead time with the use of recent real-world data of arrival and departure operations and a large set of operational error cases from the Dallas/Fort Worth terminal radar approach control. The new algorithm yielded a false-alert rate of two per hour and an average alert lead time of 38 s.

关键词： Conflict Detection and Resolution Advanced Airspace Concept terminal radar approach control Runway Occupancy Time Area Navigation Air Route Traffic control Center Prediction Algorithms Level Flight radar Tracking Pressure Altitude

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Application of Machine Learning to the Analysis and Assessment of Airport Operations

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JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2022年第4期19卷 246-258页

作者： Mangortey, Eugene Pinon Fischer, Olivia Mavris, Dimitri N. FAA William J Hughes Tech Ctr Concepts Beyond Egg Harbor Township NJ 08405 USA Georgia Inst Technol Daniel Guggenheim Sch Aerosp Engn Aerosp Syst Design Lab Atlanta GA 30332 USA

Tremendous progress has been made over the last two decades toward modernizing the National Airspace System by way of technological advancements and the introduction of procedures and policies that have maintained the safety of the United States airspace. However, as with any other system, there is a need to continuously address evolving challenges pertaining to the sustainment and resiliency of the National Airspace System. One of these challenges involves efficiently analyzing and assessing daily airport operations for the identification of trends and patterns to better inform decision making so as to improve the efficiency and safety of airport operations. This research effort provides a repeatable methodology that leverages supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques to categorize airports as a means to facilitate the analysis of their operations. In particular, it provides a means for stakeholders to assess the impacts and effectiveness of traffic management decisions and procedures on daily airport operations.

关键词： Airport Operations Machine Learning Air Traffic control System Command Center Airspace Newark Liberty International Airport Air Transport Network terminal radar approach control Air Traffic Management Linkages Federal Aviation Administration

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Pretactical Runway Operations Scheduling for Multirunway Airport

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JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2022年第7期19卷 494-503页

作者： Kim, Sang Hyun Korea Aerosp Univ Sch Air Transport Transportat & Logist Goyang Si 10540 Gyeonggi Do South Korea

Airport runway operations are managed hierarchically. Initially, a runway configuration is determined several hours before the commencement of actual runway operations. Thereafter, each aircraft is assigned to a runway based on the runway configuration. Finally (or in certain instances, synchronous with runway assignments), runway times are scheduled for the runway assignment. Though typical runway operations management is carried out sequentially, runway configuration, runway assignment, and runway times are highly correlated. Hence, to the greatest extent practicable, runway operations should be managed both strategically (e.g., runway configuration determination) and tactically (e.g., runway assignment and runway time scheduling). As certain minor strategic changes, such as switching runway operation mode, can be implemented with a relatively short lead time, this study proposes a pretactical scheduling optimization problem of runway operations, especially for airports with multiple runways. The proposed scheduling method determines runway operation mode, runway assignments, and runway times concurrently. A numerical example of Incheon International Airport demonstrates that pretactical management can improve runway utilization and operational efficiency by reducing the disparity between active runways and runway queue delays.

关键词： Incheon International Airport Closely Spaced Parallel Runways Operations Management Airport Collaborative Decision Making terminal radar approach control Weather Forecasting Wake Turbulence Air Transportation System Airport Operations International Civil Aviation Organization

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Massively Parallel Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition Applied to Traffic Flow Scheduling

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JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE COMPUTING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 2010年第1期7卷 32-45页

作者： Rios, Joseph Ross, Kevin NASA Ames Res Ctr Automat Concepts Res Branch Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Univ Calif Santa Cruz Sch Engn Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA

Optimal scheduling of traffic over the National Airspace System is computationally difficult. To speed computation, Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition is applied to a linear integer programming approach for assigning delays to flights. The subproblems for this decomposition are solved in parallel via independent computation threads. Experimental evidence suggests that as the number of subproblems/threads increases (and their sizes decrease) for a given problem, the solution quality, convergence, and runtime improve. A demonstration of this is provided by using the finest possible decomposition: one flight per subproblem. This massively parallel approach is compared with one with few threads and with non-decomposed approaches in terms of solution quality and runtime. Since this method generally provides a relaxed solution to the original integer optimization problem, two heuristics are developed to generate an integral solution. Dantzig-Wolfe followed by these heuristics can provide a near-optimal (sometimes optimal) solution to the original problem hundreds of times faster than the standard (non-decomposed) approaches. In addition, when massive decomposition is employed, the solution is shown to be more likely integral, which obviates the need for an integerization step. These results indicate that nationwide, real-time, high-fidelity, optimal traffic flow scheduling is achievable for (at least) 3-h planning horizons.

关键词： Dantzig Wolfe Decomposition Aircraft Situation Display Application Programming Interface terminal radar approach control Mathematical Models Airspace Commercial off the Shelf Open Source Software Operating Systems Data Structures

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Neighboring optimal aircraft guidance in winds

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JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 2001年第4期24卷 710-715页

作者： Jardin, MR Bryson, AE NASA Ames Res Ctr Automat Concepts Res Branch Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Stanford Univ Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut Stanford CA 94305 USA

The technique of neighboring optimal control is extended to handle cases of parameter change in the system dynamic model. This extension is used to develop an algorithm for optimizing horizontal aircraft trajectories in general wind fields using time-varying linear feedback gains. The minimum-time problem far an airplane traveling horizontally between two points in a variable wind field (a type of Zermelo problem) is used to illustrate how perturbations in system parameters can be accounted for by augmenting the dynamic model with additional bias states. For the special case of a constant wind shear in the cross-track direction, analytical and numerical results are derived for bias perturbations, Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed state-augmentation technique. An additional example is used to demonstrate an algorithm to compute near-optimal trajectories in general wind fields, The algorithm is based on nondimensionalizing the neighboring optimal control solutions and using piecewise linearly,varying wind and horizontal wind shear parameters. One proposed application of this technique is to the computation and real-time update of time-optimal trajectories in mind fields by onboard flight management systems and by ground-based air traffic management automation tools.

关键词： Commercial Aircraft Wind Gradient Trajectory Optimization Aircraft Trajectory Numerical Simulation Special Use Airspace Airspeed Linear Quadratic Regulator terminal radar approach control Airline Operation Centers

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Design and Evaluation of a Dynamic Sectorization Algorithm for terminal Airspace

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JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE control AND DYNAMICS 2014年第5期37卷 1539-1555页

作者： Wei, Jian Sciandra, Vince Hwang, Inseok Hall, William D. Purdue Univ Sch Aeronaut & Astronaut W Lafayette IN 47907 USA Mosa ATM Commercial Applicat & Serv Leesburg VA 20175 USA

Given its static and rigid structure, the current National Airspace System lacks the ability to cope efficiently with the increasingly severe demand capacity imbalances expected to develop over the coming years. To better accommodate the flexibility desired for future flight operations and to alleviate the demand capacity imbalances, research initiatives have been conducted under the dynamic airspace configuration concept. Although most past dynamic airspace configuration researchers have focused on en route airspace, this paper investigates terminal airspace operations. A dynamic sectorization algorithm for terminal airspace is developed, which combines a k-means clustering-based vertical sectorization algorithm, an integer-programming-based horizontal sectorization algorithm, and an a-shapes-based airspace sectorization algorithm. This dynamic sectorization algorithm is validated with real traffic data from several major international airports in the United States and simulated traffic data with projected future air routes and traffic patterns. Performance evaluation demonstrates that the algorithm can improve the efficiency of terminal airspace utilization and reduce traffic complexity.

关键词： Airspace Continuous Descent approach Air Routes Standard terminal Arrival Route Flight Operation Aircraft Tracking Air Travel terminal radar approach control John F. Kennedy International Airport Runway Configuration

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