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A Rapid time synchronization Scheme Using Virtual Links and Maximum Consensus for Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2025年第3期12卷 3318-3329页

作者： Wang, Heng Zou, Yan Liu, Xiaojiang Meng, Zhenya Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommun Key Lab Ind Internet Things & Networked Control Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China Chongqing Univ Posts & Telecommun Sch Commun & Informat Engn Chongqing 400065 Peoples R China

Consensus-based time synchronization, which combines multiagent consensus and distributed network techniques, becomes an essential approach to achieve accurate time synchronization in wireless sensor networks. In actual synchronization process, random communication delays will have a negative impact on information exchange, which leads to a significant degradation in the synchronization performance. Besides, the convergence speed of synchronization errors in existing average consensus synchronization algorithms poses challenges due to the iterative update. To deal with these issues, this article proposes a maximum consensus time synchronization scheme based on the multihop virtual links. Primarily, a multihop virtual links mechanism is proposed, which shares clock information among nodes to shorten the convergence time. Meanwhile, a noniterative clock parameters compensation approach based on maximum consensus is developed to further speed up the synchronization process. In addition, a moving average estimator is designed to minimize the adverse impact of delays. The convergence performance of the proposed scheme is proved theoretically. Simulation results verify the correctness of theoretical analysis and also demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing algorithms in terms of synchronization accuracy and convergence speed under delays.

关键词： synchronization Clocks Delays Convergence Accuracy Wireless sensor networks Virtual links Spread spectrum communication Topology Simulation Communication delays maximum consensus multihop networks time synchronization wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

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Drift compensation of time synchronization in WSNs with random delays: Anew threshold based design

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AUTOMATICA 2025年 173卷

作者： Wang, Bo Lv, Xinxin Hangzhou Dianzi Univ Sch Automat & Int Joint Res Lab Autonomous Robot S Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China Zhejiang Sci Tech Univ Sch Informat Sci & Engn Hangzhou 310018 Peoples R China

This paper investigates the drift compensation problem of time synchronization for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with random bounded communication delays. The commonly used pseudo-periodic broadcast communication protocol is used to complete the communication between nodes of the WSN. Firstly, a new constant gain drift compensation algorithm is proposed via threshold design, which not only is robust to arbitrarily bounded delay but also has low computational complexity. Then, by modeling this algorithm as a delay-existing consensus model with multiplicative uncertainties, it is rigorously proved that the proposed drift compensation algorithm can ensure all virtual drifts converge to a common positive constant at a rate no slower than O (1/ k ) if the interaction topology sequence caused by the pseudo-periodic broadcast communication protocol is uniformly rooted, which is the weakest topology condition to achieve the consensus for the virtual drift. Further, the partial time synchronization error with this new drift compensation algorithm is analyzed. Finally, simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. (c) 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

关键词： time synchronization WSNs Random delays Switching topologies Drift compensation

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LT-Sync: A Lightweight time synchronization Scheme for High-Speed Mobile Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

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JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2025年第3期13卷

作者： Zhang, Chenyu Wu, Huabing Chinese Acad Sci Natl Time Serv Ctr Xian 710000 Peoples R China Univ Chinese Acad Sci Beijing 100000 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Key Lab Time Reference & Applicat Xian 710000 Peoples R China

time synchronization is a crucial element of cooperativity among underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), and it plays an indispensable role in the application of and research into UWASNs. Although plenty of previous studies on time synchronization for UWASNs have been proposed and applied, most of them cannot perform well when the nodes have high mobility, and they are characterized by low energy efficiency. Tri-Message is a scheme proposed for networks in high-latency and resource-constrained environments, but it works unsatisfactorily when the nodes are movable. In that case, there is no such scheme for high-speed UWASNs with low energy consumption. Herein, we propose LT-Sync, a lightweight time synchronization scheme for high-speed mobile UWASNs. This adopts a Doppler-shift-estimating method to derive the propagation delay of high-speed UWASNs when the unsynchronized node moves uniformly in a single direction. In addition, an underwater spread-spectrum method is adopted for signal receiving to obtain the accurate Doppler shift. The simulation results show that LT-Sync is more feasible for high-speed UWASNs compared to existing methods and has high energy efficiency.

关键词： Doppler shift spread spectrum time synchronization underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs)

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Novel National High-Precision time synchronization System for Mobile Communication

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IEEE ACCESS 2025年 13卷 18878-18889页

作者： Han, Liuyan Lu, Rongduo Li, Jiachen Chen, Xinyu Cao, Hui Shen, Jia Zhang, Dechao Li, Han China Mobile Res Inst Beijing 100053 Peoples R China Zhejiang Saisi Elect Technol Co Ltd Jiaxing 314006 Zhejiang Peoples R China

time synchronization networks are vital infrastructures for numerous applications. We introduce an innovative architecture addressing the high-precision requirements of national time networks. This scheme combines DCV (distributed common-view) time transfer in the backbone with TDM-based (time division multiplex-based) PTP in metro networks. It enables flexible designation of time servers as national primaries. All the time servers are interconnected via a centralized data center. Theoretical analysis and extensive experiments validate successful high-precision national synchronization over large-scale transport networks. Notably, we achieved end-to-end accuracy of 36 ns across 2150 km spanning 3 provinces/cities, marking a milestone. This solution paves the way for future networks and applications requiring ultra-high time synchronization precision.

关键词： Servers synchronization Data centers Clocks Accuracy Global navigation satellite system Satellite broadcasting Receivers time-frequency analysis time measurement time synchronization distributed common-view national time network

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Improved Double-Sided Partial Discharge Location Method for High-Voltage Cables via Pulse-Injected time synchronization and Variational Mode Decomposition

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2025年 74卷

作者： Chen, Junbai Yan, Yuan Zhao, Kun Zhu, Mengxin Wang, Li Lu, Yuxin Hou, Zhe Li, Hongjie Xi An Jiao Tong Univ Sch Elect Engn State Key Lab Elect Insulat & Power Equipment Xian 710049 Peoples R China State Grid Ningxia Elect Power Co Ltd Yinchuan 750001 Peoples R China Jiangxi Elect Power Res Inst State Grid Nanchang 330096 Peoples R China State Grid Shaanxi Elect Power Res Inst Equipment Condit Assessment Ctr Xian 710100 Peoples R China

Partial discharge (PD) diagnosis is a crucial technique for assessing the insulation condition of high-voltage (HV) cables. The double-sided traveling wave method is effective for online PD localization on HV cables. However, the PD localization accuracy is limited by three main factors: inaccurate time synchronization among sensors, imprecise pulse propagation velocity, and noise interference. To address these issues, a bidirectional pulse-injected time synchronization method (BPTSM) is proposed to correct the timing bases of detectors and assess the pulse propagation velocity along cables independently of cable parameters. Furthermore, a denoising method combining the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and variational mode decomposition (VMD) is designed to enhance the robustness of the system to high-intensity noise. Finally, an integrated PD detector with pulse injection and signal detection functions and switchable measurement ranges is designed to improve detection sensitivity. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a portable system is developed, and experiments are conducted on both a 10-kV cable in the laboratory and a 110-kV cable in the field. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method enhances the accuracy of PD localization.

关键词： Bidirectional pulses denoising high-voltage (HV) cable partial discharge (PD) localization time synchronization Bidirectional pulses denoising high-voltage (HV) cable partial discharge (PD) localization time synchronization

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Nanosecond time synchronization over a 2.4 GHz Long-Range Wireless Link

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SENSORS 2025年第7期25卷 1961页

作者： Mueller, Pascal Berger, Dominic Sarperi, Luciano ZHAW Sch Engn Inst Signal Proc & Wireless Commun CH-8401 Winterthur Switzerland

time synchronization between geographically separated equipment, such as, for example, that required in sensor networks for radio localization, is often based on global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). However, in environments that are GNSS-denied due to signal blockage or interference, alternative timing synchronization methods are necessary. In this work, an experimental wireless time synchronization system based on long-range (LoRa) modulation has been developed and tested in the field. LoRa modulation operating in the license-free 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band was chosen due to the potentially large coverage area of several kilometers and the availability of a ranging engine in the SX1280 transceiver by Semtech, which facilitates the implementation of time synchronization. The prototype system was tested over 170 m, where it achieved a time deviation (TDEV) of 30 ps for an average time of 1 s and a maximum TDEV of 3 ns over one day of measurement, improving over existing work on time synchronization with LoRa modulation by around three orders of magnitude. The field tests showed that ns accuracy can be achieved using LoRa modulation, making it suitable for the synchronization of remote sites, for example, for radio localization.

关键词： time synchronization wireless synchronization long-range (LoRa) modulation nanosecond accuracy

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Low Overhead Minimum Variance time synchronization for time-Sensitive Wireless Sensor Networks

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2025年 22卷 5349-5359页

作者： Jia, Zhian Cui, Dongliang Dai, Xuewu Liu, Zhi-Wei Liu, Shuxin Chai, Tianyou Northeastern Univ State Key Lab Synthet Automat Proc Ind Shenyang 110819 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Artificial Intelligence & Automat Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Northumbria Univ Dept Math Phys & Elect Engn Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST England

argeting to improve the time synchronization accu-racy of multi-hop time-Sensitive Wireless Sensor Networks(TS-WSNs) for mission-critical industrial automation applica-tions, a Minimum Variance time synchronization (MVTS)algorithm utilizing the concept of Packet-Coupled Oscillators(PkCOs) is proposed. This MVTS algorithm utlizes an outputfeedback approach to mitigate the impact of communicationnoise on the accumulation of synchronization errors. In addition,a time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) packet-exchange super-frame is introduced to achieve efficient and low-overhead timesynchronization. The optimal gain matrix of the MVTS algorithmis obtained by the Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) optimiza-tion with theoretic analysis. The proposed MVTS algorithmis evaluated by both simulation and experiments on an IEEE802.15.4 hardware testbed. The experimental results show thatthe proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the growth rateof clock offset along multi-hop nodes and improve the timesynchronization accuracy of the TS-WSNs

关键词： synchronization Clocks Wireless sensor networks Protocols Oscillators Crystals Automation time synchronization time-sensitive wireless sensor networks (TS-WSNs) packet-coupled oscillators (PkCOs)

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A High-Precision Progressive time synchronization Method

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT 2025年 74卷

作者： Li, Qiang Qi, Yueyan Liu, Gaigai Wang, Chen Yuan, Jiaxin Zhang, Yingzi Liu, Wenyi North Univ China State Key Lab Dynam Measurement Technol Taiyuan 030051 Peoples R China Shanxi North Measurement & Control Technol Co Ltd Taiyuan 030051 Peoples R China

Precision time synchronization methods are critical for maintaining event order and data consistency among nodes in distributed measurement and control systems. However, microsecond-level time synchronization precision is no longer sufficient to meet the demand. As the number of devices increases, the time synchronization precision tends to degrade. This study proposes a high-precision progressive time synchronization method. The method integrates a progressive time synchronization approach with a clock frequency compensation algorithm, effectively mitigating the exponential growth of time offsets caused by an increasing number of devices. The algorithm was validated through simulation experiments and the construction of a test system. Experimental results demonstrate that, under conditions of an 80 MHz crystal oscillator frequency and a 13.11 ms sending interval, the maximum time offset between the fifth-hop child clock and the parent clock is only 70 ns. This nanosecond-level time synchronization method is capable of meeting the high-precision synchronization requirements of future distributed measurement and control systems.

关键词： IEEE 1588 OMNeT plus plus switch time synchronization IEEE 1588 OMNeT plus plus switch time synchronization

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Jammer-Resilient time synchronization in the MIMO Uplink

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING 2025年 73卷 706-720页

作者： Marti, Gian Arquint, Flurin Studer, Christoph Swiss Fed Inst Technol Dept Informat Technol & Elect Engn CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland

Spatial filtering based on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processing is a promising approach to jammer mitigation. Effective MIMO data detectors that mitigate smart jammers have recently been proposed, but they all assume perfect time synchronization between transmitter(s) and receiver. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no methods for resilient time synchronization in the presence of smart jammers. To remedy this situation, we propose JASS, the first method that enables reliable time synchronization for the single-user MIMO uplink while mitigating smart jamming attacks. JASS detects a randomized synchronization sequence based on a novel optimization problem that fits a spatial filter to the time-windowed receive signal in order to mitigate the jammer. We underscore the efficacy of the proposed optimization problem by proving that it ensures successful time synchronization under certain intuitive conditions. We then derive an efficient algorithm for approximately solving our optimization problem. Finally, we use simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of JASS against a wide range of different jammer types.

关键词： Jamming synchronization Vectors Prevention and mitigation Optimization Uplink Filtering Transmitting antennas Spatial filters Receiving antennas Jammer mitigation MIMO time synchronization

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Adaptive time synchronization in time Sensitive-Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Stochastic Gradient Algorithms Framework

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CMES-COMPUTER MODELING IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCES 2025年第3期142卷 2585-2616页

作者： Abdul-Rashid, Ramadan Rahman, Mohd Amiruddin Abd Chan, Kar Tim Sangaiah, Arun Kumar Univ Putra Malaysia UPM Fac Sci Dept Phys Serdang 43400 Malaysia Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol YunTech Int Grad Sch Artificial Intelligence Touliu 64002 Taiwan Sunway Univ Petaling Jaya 47500 Selangor Malaysia Chandigarh Univ Grahuan 140413 Punjab India

This study proposes a novel time-synchronization protocol inspired by stochastic gradient algorithms. The clock model of each network node in this synchronizer is configured as a generic adaptive filter where different stochastic gradient algorithms can be adopted for adaptive clock frequency adjustments. The study analyzes the pairwise synchronization behavior of the protocol and proves the generalized convergence of the synchronization error and clock frequency. A novel closed-form expression is also derived for a generalized asymptotic error variance steady state. Steady and convergence analyses are then presented for the synchronization, with frequency adaptations done using least mean square (LMS), the Newton search, the gradient descent (GraDes), the normalized LMS (N-LMS), and the Sign-Data LMS algorithms. Results obtained from real-time experiments showed a better performance of our protocols as compared to the Average Proportional-Integral synchronization Protocol (AvgPISync) regarding the impact of quantization error on synchronization accuracy, precision, and convergence time. This generalized approach to time synchronization allows flexibility in selecting a suitable protocol for different wireless sensor network applications.

关键词： Wireless sensor network time synchronization stochastic gradient algorithm multi-hop

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